Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)
type: ConceptScheme
has version: 2.2.0
creator: Ismael López — Mr. Supply Chain®

Innovation
type: Collection
member: Product & Asset Lifecycle

Operations
type: Collection
member: Supply Chain Planning
member: Manufacturing & Operations
member: Inventory Management
member: Logistics & Transportation
member: Warehousing, OMS & Fulfillment
member: Reverse Logistics & Returns

Commercial
type: Collection
member: Strategic Sourcing & Procurement
member: Customer Experience & Last Mile
member: Trade, Commerce & Global Ops

Intelligence
type: Collection
member: Demand Management & Market Sensing
member: AI, Data & Advanced Analytics
member: Autonomous SC & AI Agents
member: Hyperautomation & Robotics
member: Digital Integration & Platforms
member: Visibility, Digital Twin & Cybersecurity

Governance
type: Collection
member: Risk, Resilience & Geopolitics
member: Sustainability & Circular Economy
member: SC Governance, Compliance & Ethics
member: Talent, Organization & Future of Work
member: SC Finance & Value Performance

Product & Asset Lifecycle
type: Concept
preferred label: Ciclo de Vida de Producto y Activos @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

New Product Introduction (NPI)
type: Concept
broader: Product & Asset Lifecycle

Design-to-BOM & BOM structuring
type: Concept
preferred label: Diseño a BOM y estructuración de listas de materiales @es
definition: Translating engineering designs into a structured, procurable Bill of Materials. Covers multi-level BOM creation, part number governance, approved vendor lists (AVL), and BOM accuracy validation against design intent.
broader: New Product Introduction (NPI)

Cost modeling & should-cost analysis
type: Concept
preferred label: Modelado de costos y análisis should-cost @es
definition: Building bottom-up cost models for new products using should-cost methodology — estimating what a component or assembly should cost based on materials, labor, overhead, and profit, independent of supplier quotes.
broader: New Product Introduction (NPI)

DFM / Design-for-Supply-Chain reviews
type: Concept
preferred label: DFM y revisiones Design-for-Supply-Chain @es
definition: Structured design reviews evaluating product designs against supply chain criteria: component commonality, supplier availability, lead time risk, assembly complexity, and packaging efficiency.
broader: New Product Introduction (NPI)

Supplier specification & early sourcing
type: Concept
preferred label: Especificación de proveedores y sourcing temprano @es
definition: Engaging the supply base during product development — before designs are frozen — to align specifications with supplier capabilities, identify long-lead items, and begin qualification.
broader: New Product Introduction (NPI)

Prototype supply & sample management
type: Concept
preferred label: Abastecimiento de prototipos y gestión de muestras @es
definition: Managing the procurement, logistics, and tracking of prototype components and engineering samples across EVT, DVT, and PVT builds with full traceability.
broader: New Product Introduction (NPI)

Engineering Change Order (ECO) Management
type: Concept
broader: Product & Asset Lifecycle

ECO classification & impact assessment
type: Concept
preferred label: Clasificación de ECO y evaluación de impacto @es
definition: Categorizing engineering changes by urgency (safety, quality, cost, feature) and scope. Impact assessment quantifies affected inventory, open purchase orders, and production schedules before the change is approved.
broader: Engineering Change Order (ECO) Management

Cross-functional ECO governance
type: Concept
preferred label: Gobernanza cross-funcional de ECOs @es
definition: The review and approval process bringing together engineering, supply chain, quality, finance, and operations to evaluate and authorize changes, defining cut-in dates and assigning accountability.
broader: Engineering Change Order (ECO) Management

Inventory disposition (scrap/rework/use-as-is)
type: Concept
preferred label: Disposición de inventario: scrap, rework y uso como está @es
definition: Determining what to do with existing stock of parts affected by an ECO: consume before cut-in, rework to new specification, return to supplier, or scrap.
broader: Engineering Change Order (ECO) Management

Supplier communication & re-qualification
type: Concept
preferred label: Comunicación con proveedores y re-calificación @es
definition: Formally notifying affected suppliers of specification changes, updating purchase orders, and managing required re-qualification activities (PPAP, FAI, lab testing).
broader: Engineering Change Order (ECO) Management

ECO velocity metrics
type: Concept
preferred label: Métricas de velocidad de ECO @es
definition: Measuring the speed and quality of ECO execution: cycle time from initiation to approval, time-to-cut-in, obsolescence cost per ECO, and first-time-right rate.
broader: Engineering Change Order (ECO) Management

EOL & Last-Time-Buy Strategy
type: Concept
broader: Product & Asset Lifecycle

EOL trigger & timeline definition
type: Concept
preferred label: Definición de trigger y timeline de EOL @es
definition: Identifying the signals that initiate EOL planning and translating them into a structured timeline with milestones for last order, last shipment, and product discontinuation.
broader: EOL & Last-Time-Buy Strategy

LTB quantity optimization
type: Concept
preferred label: Optimización de cantidad LTB @es
definition: Statistical modeling of the optimal last-time-buy quantity using remaining demand forecast, service life requirements, part failure rates, and carrying cost of inventory.
broader: EOL & Last-Time-Buy Strategy

Phase-out inventory management
type: Concept
preferred label: Gestión de inventario en phase-out @es
definition: Active management of existing stock through the EOL period: prioritizing consumption, rebalancing across locations, and coordinating with sales to accelerate consumption.
broader: EOL & Last-Time-Buy Strategy

Successor product transition planning
type: Concept
preferred label: Planeación de transición al producto sucesor @es
definition: Synchronizing the ramp-down of the EOL product with the ramp-up of its successor — managing parallel inventory positions and the operational complexity of running two configurations simultaneously.
broader: EOL & Last-Time-Buy Strategy

Regulatory disposal obligations
type: Concept
preferred label: Obligaciones regulatorias de disposición @es
definition: Managing compliance requirements associated with EOL products: WEEE recycling obligations, hazardous material disposal, take-back program logistics, and documentation requirements.
broader: EOL & Last-Time-Buy Strategy

Asset Lifecycle Management
type: Concept
broader: Product & Asset Lifecycle

Asset acquisition & commissioning SC
type: Concept
preferred label: Cadena de suministro de adquisición y comisionamiento de activos @es
definition: Managing the supply chain activities required to bring a new asset into service: procurement of capital equipment, vendor coordination for installation, and spare parts initial provisioning.
broader: Asset Lifecycle Management

Maintenance supply chain (MRO integration)
type: Concept
preferred label: Cadena de suministro de mantenimiento (integración MRO) @es
definition: Integrating the asset maintenance schedule with the MRO supply chain — ensuring critical spare parts are available when maintenance windows occur and minimizing asset downtime.
broader: Asset Lifecycle Management

Asset modernization & upgrade supply
type: Concept
preferred label: Cadena de suministro de modernización y actualización de activos @es
definition: Planning the supply chain for mid-life asset upgrades: retrofit kits, technology updates, and capability expansions involving one-time procurement of specialized components.
broader: Asset Lifecycle Management

Decommissioning & asset disposal
type: Concept
preferred label: Descomisionamiento y disposición de activos @es
definition: Managing the logistics, environmental compliance, and value recovery associated with retiring physical assets, including equipment remarketing and hazardous material handling.
broader: Asset Lifecycle Management

Fleet & equipment lifecycle planning
type: Concept
preferred label: Planeación del ciclo de vida de flotilla y equipo @es
definition: Lifecycle planning for fleets of similar assets — modeling replacement cycles, coordinating bulk procurement for economies of scale, and managing transitions between equipment generations.
broader: Asset Lifecycle Management

Make-vs-Buy Structural Decisions
type: Concept
broader: Product & Asset Lifecycle

Core competency framework
type: Concept
preferred label: Marco de competencias core @es
definition: Defining which capabilities are core to competitive advantage and should be retained in-house, versus which are commodity processes where external specialization creates more value.
broader: Make-vs-Buy Structural Decisions

Total cost of ownership (TCO) modeling
type: Concept
preferred label: Modelado de TCO (Costo Total de Propiedad) @es
definition: Building comprehensive cost models that go beyond unit price to include tooling investment, quality costs, logistics, overhead absorption, flexibility premium, and risk-adjusted cost of supply disruption.
broader: Make-vs-Buy Structural Decisions

Outsourcing risk & dependency analysis
type: Concept
preferred label: Análisis de riesgo y dependencia en outsourcing @es
definition: Assessing supply chain risks created by outsourcing: supplier concentration, geographic exposure, IP risk, loss of internal capability, and switching cost if the relationship must be unwound.
broader: Make-vs-Buy Structural Decisions

Insourcing economics & capacity
type: Concept
preferred label: Economía del insourcing y capacidad @es
definition: Evaluating the economics of bringing previously outsourced capabilities back in-house: capital investment, breakeven volume, workforce requirements, and time to rebuild internal expertise.
broader: Make-vs-Buy Structural Decisions

Co-manufacturing evaluation criteria
type: Concept
preferred label: Criterios de evaluación de co-manufactura @es
definition: Assessing potential contract manufacturing partners against supply chain criteria: capacity, quality systems maturity, geographic location, financial stability, and technology capability.
broader: Make-vs-Buy Structural Decisions

Recipe & Formula Management
type: Concept
broader: Product & Asset Lifecycle

Ingredient BOM & substitution management
type: Concept
preferred label: Gestión de BOM de ingredientes y sustitución @es
definition: Managing the formula BOM — master ingredient lists, approved substitutes, and the qualification process for alternative suppliers or ingredients when primary sources face shortage or price spikes.
broader: Recipe & Formula Management

Batch record & genealogy traceability
type: Concept
preferred label: Registros de lote y trazabilidad de genealogía @es
definition: Maintaining complete traceability from raw ingredient lot to finished product batch, with full documentation for regulatory inspection and product recall capability.
broader: Recipe & Formula Management

Regulatory ingredient compliance
type: Concept
preferred label: Cumplimiento regulatorio de ingredientes @es
definition: Ensuring every ingredient meets the regulatory requirements of each market: permitted additives lists, maximum residue levels, country-of-origin restrictions, allergen labeling, and certification requirements.
broader: Recipe & Formula Management

Shelf-life & stability supply planning
type: Concept
preferred label: Planeación de SC por vida de anaquel y estabilidad @es
definition: Planning the supply chain to respect ingredient and finished product shelf life constraints: FIFO inventory, temperature-controlled logistics, expiry tracking, and minimum remaining shelf life requirements.
broader: Recipe & Formula Management

Formula change & re-validation SC impact
type: Concept
preferred label: Impacto en SC de cambios de fórmula y re-validación @es
definition: Managing supply chain implications of formula modifications: regulatory re-submission timelines, stability testing requirements, affected inventory disposition, and the production transition window.
broader: Recipe & Formula Management

Product Regulatory & Homologation
type: Concept
broader: Product & Asset Lifecycle

Certification supply chain planning
type: Concept
preferred label: Planeación de SC para certificación @es
definition: Planning the supply chain activities required to support product certification: engineering sample procurement, test unit logistics to certification bodies, and timeline management aligned with the launch schedule.
broader: Product Regulatory & Homologation

Country-specific homologation requirements
type: Concept
preferred label: Requisitos de homologación por país @es
definition: Managing variation in technical requirements across markets — voltage standards, frequency bands, safety standards, labeling requirements, and emissions limits requiring product variants.
broader: Product Regulatory & Homologation

Testing & lab sample logistics
type: Concept
preferred label: Logística de pruebas y muestras de laboratorio @es
definition: Managing end-to-end logistics of regulatory testing: sample production scheduling, custody chain documentation, international shipping with customs clearance for test units.
broader: Product Regulatory & Homologation

Regulatory change monitoring
type: Concept
preferred label: Monitoreo de cambios regulatorios @es
definition: Continuously monitoring regulatory environments for changes affecting existing certified products — new standards, amended requirements — and assessing the supply chain impact of required modifications.
broader: Product Regulatory & Homologation

Product registration & market clearance
type: Concept
preferred label: Registro de producto y autorización de mercado @es
definition: Managing the administrative supply chain of product registration: preparing country dossiers, coordinating with local regulatory representatives, and planning inventory build-up aligned with market clearance dates.
broader: Product Regulatory & Homologation

Supply Chain Planning
type: Concept
preferred label: Planeación de la Cadena de Suministro @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

Demand Planning & Forecasting
type: Concept
broader: Supply Chain Planning

Statistical forecasting & model selection
type: Concept
preferred label: Pronóstico estadístico y selección de modelos @es
definition: Selecting and configuring the right statistical model (ETS, ARIMA, Croston, regression) by product segment. Covers model hierarchy, aggregation levels, and the Forecast Value Added (FVA) framework for measuring process quality.
broader: Demand Planning & Forecasting

Demand sensing & real-time signal integration
type: Concept
preferred label: Demand sensing e integración de señales en tiempo real @es
definition: Incorporating real-time market signals (POS data, sell-out, leading indicators) into the short-horizon forecast. Addresses bullwhip effect mitigation and the distinction between sell-in and sell-out signals.
broader: Demand Planning & Forecasting

Promotional & event-driven forecasting
type: Concept
preferred label: Pronóstico de promociones y eventos @es
definition: Modeling promotional lift by mechanic type, managing the event calendar, and planning for the post-promo dip. Covers the accountability framework between sales and SC for promotional accuracy.
broader: Demand Planning & Forecasting

New product introduction (NPI) demand forecasting
type: Concept
preferred label: Pronóstico de demanda en NPI @es
definition: Forecasting demand for products with no history using analog products, market tests, and diffusion models (Bass). Addresses the structural optimism bias in NPI forecasts and the lifecycle model transition.
broader: Demand Planning & Forecasting

CPFR & collaborative demand planning (VMI)
type: Concept
preferred label: CPFR y planeación colaborativa de demanda (VMI) @es
definition: Collaborative planning frameworks (CPFR) and vendor-managed inventory (VMI) that replace unilateral forecasting with shared data and joint planning with key customers.
broader: Demand Planning & Forecasting

S&OP / IBP Governance
type: Concept
broader: Supply Chain Planning

S&OP process design & the 5-step model
type: Concept
preferred label: Diseño del proceso S&OP y el modelo de 5 pasos @es
definition: The 5-step S&OP process (data review, demand review, supply review, pre-S&OP, executive S&OP) with defined roles, outputs, and decision types at each stage.
broader: S&OP / IBP Governance

Integrated Business Planning (IBP) & financial bridge
type: Concept
preferred label: IBP y puente financiero @es
definition: IBP as the evolution of S&OP where operational plans translate automatically into financial impact (revenue, COGS, working capital). Covers the three integrated plans and the quantified service vs. capital trade-off.
broader: S&OP / IBP Governance

Scenario planning & what-if analysis in S&OP
type: Concept
preferred label: Planeación de escenarios y análisis what-if en S&OP @es
definition: Building useful scenarios with narratives, triggers, and financial implications. Covers the 3-scenario structure, what-if response time, and how modern IBP platforms enable real-time scenario exploration.
broader: S&OP / IBP Governance

Master data governance for planning
type: Concept
preferred label: Gobernanza de datos maestros para planeación @es
definition: The planning master data governance cycle: lead times, production capacities, safety stock policies, and BOMs. Covers the most common errors, their compounding impact on plan quality, and the governance cycle.
broader: S&OP / IBP Governance

S&OP maturity model & KPI framework
type: Concept
preferred label: Modelo de madurez de S&OP y marco de KPIs @es
definition: The 5-level S&OP maturity model from reactive to full IBP. Covers the 4-layer KPI framework (process, plan quality, operational results, business value) and the levers for advancing maturity.
broader: S&OP / IBP Governance

Supply Planning & Scheduling
type: Concept
broader: Supply Chain Planning

MRP / MPS mechanics & parameter optimization
type: Concept
preferred label: Mecánica de MRP/MPS y optimización de parámetros @es
definition: How MRP translates the Master Production Schedule into material requirements. Covers the 4 critical parameters (lead time, lot size, safety stock, BOM) and the finite vs. infinite capacity limitation of classic MRP.
broader: Supply Planning & Scheduling

Constrained supply & allocation planning
type: Concept
preferred label: Planeación de suministro restringido y asignación @es
definition: Managing demand that exceeds available supply: allocation criteria (pro-rata, margin priority, strategic customer), the S&OP as the allocation forum, and proactive customer communication of constraints.
broader: Supply Planning & Scheduling

Production scheduling & sequence optimization
type: Concept
preferred label: Programación de producción y optimización de secuencia @es
definition: Translating MRP orders into optimized production sequences using setup matrices. Covers the frozen fence concept, schedule adherence metrics, and the OEE connection to schedule quality.
broader: Supply Planning & Scheduling

Supplier capacity management & supply commitment
type: Concept
preferred label: Gestión de capacidad de proveedores y compromisos de suministro @es
definition: Managing external supply constraints through supplier lead time monitoring, demand sharing, and supply commitment agreements (take-or-pay capacity reservation) for critical materials in constrained markets.
broader: Supply Planning & Scheduling

Rough-Cut Capacity Planning (RCCP)
type: Concept
preferred label: Planeación de Capacidad Rough-Cut (RCCP) @es
definition: Verifying MPS feasibility against critical resource constraints before generating MRP orders. Covers the bill of resources, critical resource identification (the 20% that drives 80% of constraints), and RCCP integration in the S&OP.
broader: Supply Planning & Scheduling

Inventory Strategy & Optimization
type: Concept
broader: Supply Chain Planning

ABC-XYZ segmentation & inventory policy design
type: Concept
preferred label: Construcción de business case de SC: VPN, TIR y payback para inversiones en SC @es
definition: Segmenting the portfolio by value (ABC) and demand variability (XYZ) to design differentiated inventory policies. Covers the correct safety stock formula (k × √(σ²_d × LT + μ²_d × σ²_LT)) vs. rule-of-thumb approaches.
broader: Inventory Strategy & Optimization

Multi-echelon inventory optimization
type: Concept
preferred label: Cuantificación de valor en SC: traduciendo KPIs operativos a EBIT y FCF @es
definition: Optimizing inventory across all network nodes simultaneously rather than node-by-node. Covers the risk pooling effect, inventory positioning (centralized vs. decentralized), and the 20–35% inventory reduction potential vs. single-echelon policies.
broader: Inventory Strategy & Optimization

Slow-moving & obsolete (SLOB) inventory management
type: Concept
preferred label: Presupuesto de costo de SC zero-based: construyendo la base de costos desde los primeros principios @es
definition: Identifying, classifying, and disposing of slow-moving and obsolete inventory. Covers the 4 disposition options (liquidation, donation, reuse, scrap), root cause analysis, and preventive SLOB management.
broader: Inventory Strategy & Optimization

Inventory reduction programs & working capital
type: Concept
preferred label: Benchmarking de desempeño de SC: Gartner Top 25, SCOR y comparación de pares @es
definition: Structuring an inventory reduction program using the 4 levers (SLOB liquidation, safety stock recalibration, lot size optimization, lead time reduction) without deteriorating service levels.
broader: Inventory Strategy & Optimization

Inventory KPI dashboard & reporting framework
type: Concept
preferred label: Balanced scorecard de SC: integrando perspectivas operativas, financieras y estratégicas @es
definition: The 3-level reporting framework (operational, tactical, strategic) with the correct metrics at each level: fill rate vs. OTIF vs. in-stock rate distinction, DIO-to-working-capital translation, and carrying cost visibility.
broader: Inventory Strategy & Optimization

Network Design & Segmentation
type: Concept
broader: Supply Chain Planning

Network design methodology & total landed cost
type: Concept
preferred label: Metodología de diseño de red y costo total landed @es
definition: The TLC framework for network decisions: all cost components from origin to point of use. Covers network optimization models, scenario analysis for future demand, and the 3–5 year review cycle.
broader: Network Design & Segmentation

DC / warehouse footprint strategy (own vs. 3PL)
type: Concept
preferred label: Estrategia de footprint de CD/almacén (propio vs. 3PL) @es
definition: The own vs. 3PL decision framework: breakeven analysis, flexibility value, and the hybrid hub-and-spoke model. Covers 3PL contract governance with SLAs, penalties, and performance review mechanisms.
broader: Network Design & Segmentation

Nearshoring & supply chain reshoring strategy
type: Concept
preferred label: Nearshoring y estrategia de reshoring de supply chain @es
definition: TLC analysis for nearshoring decisions: manufacturing price vs. inventory-in-transit vs. tariff risk. Covers the Mexico/USMCA opportunity, realistic constraints on near-shorability by category, and the transition implementation approach.
broader: Network Design & Segmentation

Last-mile & omnichannel distribution strategy
type: Concept
preferred label: Estrategia de distribución omnicanal y última milla @es
definition: Last-mile delivery models (own fleet, 3PL carrier, crowdsourced, click & collect) and their cost-service trade-offs. Covers omnichannel inventory sharing, channel assignment optimization, and reverse logistics cost.
broader: Network Design & Segmentation

Customer segmentation & service differentiation
type: Concept
preferred label: Segmentación de clientes y diferenciación de servicio @es
definition: Cost-to-Serve (CTS) analysis to identify which customers are truly profitable after SC costs. Covers the 4-quadrant customer segmentation model and the use of CTS in commercial negotiations and service policy design.
broader: Network Design & Segmentation

Resilience & Scenario Planning
type: Concept
broader: Supply Chain Planning

Supply chain risk mapping & vulnerability assessment
type: Concept
preferred label: Mapeo de riesgos SC y evaluación de vulnerabilidades @es
definition: Systematic identification and prioritization of supply chain risks using the 4-category taxonomy (supply, manufacturing, logistics, demand). Covers the heat map methodology and multi-tier visibility requirements.
broader: Resilience & Scenario Planning

Business continuity planning (BCP) for supply chain
type: Concept
preferred label: Planeación de continuidad de negocio (BCP) para SC @es
definition: Designing and validating the BCP: escalation trees, pre-qualified alternative suppliers, contingency inventory, and tabletop exercises. Covers BCP activation time and Recovery Time Objective (RTO) metrics.
broader: Resilience & Scenario Planning

Supply chain disruption response & recovery
type: Concept
preferred label: Respuesta y recuperación ante disrupciones SC @es
definition: The 4-phase response framework (detect, allocate, communicate, recover) and the 72-hour decision window that determines disruption impact. Covers proactive customer communication and post-mortem methodology.
broader: Resilience & Scenario Planning

Dual sourcing & supply base diversification
type: Concept
preferred label: Dual sourcing y diversificación de base de proveedores @es
definition: Strategy and economics of dual sourcing: volume allocation models (80/20 vs. 70/30 vs. 50/50), prioritization by risk × impact, and the cost of dual sourcing vs. the cost of single-source disruption risk.
broader: Resilience & Scenario Planning

Geopolitical & tariff risk management in supply chains
type: Concept
preferred label: Gestión de riesgo geopolítico y arancelario en cadenas globales @es
definition: Active management of geopolitical concentration risk and tariff exposure. Covers the TLC impact of tariff changes, tariff engineering, the Mexico/T-MEC competitive advantage, and the geopolitical concentration index.
broader: Resilience & Scenario Planning

Manufacturing & Operations
type: Concept
preferred label: Manufactura y Operaciones @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

Production Scheduling & Capacity
type: Concept
broader: Manufacturing & Operations

Advanced production scheduling & finite capacity planning
type: Concept
preferred label: Programación avanzada de producción y planeación de capacidad finita @es
definition: APS-driven sequencing that accounts for setup matrices, finite capacity, and production constraints. Covers algorithms, frozen fence design, and MES integration for real-time schedule feedback.
broader: Production Scheduling & Capacity

OEE measurement & improvement framework
type: Concept
preferred label: Medición de OEE y marco de mejora @es
definition: The Six Big Losses framework for measuring and improving Overall Equipment Effectiveness. Covers the three OEE components, the correct attack sequence, and connecting OEE to financial value.
broader: Production Scheduling & Capacity

Capacity planning: bottleneck identification & debottlenecking
type: Concept
preferred label: Planeación de capacidad: identificación y debottlenecking de cuellos de botella @es
definition: Theory of Constraints (TOC) applied to manufacturing: identifying the true bottleneck, exploiting it before investing in capacity, and the 5-step TOC improvement process.
broader: Production Scheduling & Capacity

SMED & changeover reduction
type: Concept
preferred label: SMED y reducción de changeovers @es
definition: Single-Minute Exchange of Die methodology: internal vs. external setup separation, the 4 SMED stages, and the secondary benefit of reducing the minimum economic lot size.
broader: Production Scheduling & Capacity

Preventive & predictive maintenance (TPM & PdM)
type: Concept
preferred label: Mantenimiento preventivo y predictivo (TPM & PdM) @es
definition: Total Productive Maintenance architecture and predictive maintenance implementation. Covers the 8 TPM pillars, the autonomous maintenance pillar, and condition-based monitoring for critical equipment.
broader: Production Scheduling & Capacity

Quality Management Systems
type: Concept
broader: Manufacturing & Operations

QMS design: ISO 9001, IATF 16949 & GMP frameworks
type: Concept
preferred label: Diseño de QMS: frameworks ISO 9001, IATF 16949 y GMP @es
definition: Designing and implementing quality management systems. Covers ISO 9001 (generic), IATF 16949 (automotive), and GMP (pharma/food), and the PDCA cycle as the QMS engine.
broader: Quality Management Systems

FMEA, control plans & APQP in manufacturing
type: Concept
preferred label: FMEA, planes de control y APQP en manufactura @es
definition: PFMEA as the document that prevents failures before they occur, and the Control Plan as its operational translation. Covers the AIAG-VDA FMEA methodology and RPN prioritization.
broader: Quality Management Systems

Statistical Process Control (SPC) & process capability
type: Concept
preferred label: Control Estadístico de Proceso (SPC) y capacidad de proceso @es
definition: SPC control charts for detecting special cause variation in real time. Covers control chart selection by data type, the 8 Nelson rules, and Cp/Cpk capability indices.
broader: Quality Management Systems

Non-conformance management & 8D corrective actions
type: Concept
preferred label: Gestión de no conformidades y acciones correctivas 8D @es
definition: The full NCR lifecycle from detection to permanent prevention. Covers the 8D methodology, root cause analysis tools (5 Whys, Ishikawa, Is/Is-Not), and the D7 step that makes corrections sustainable.
broader: Quality Management Systems

Supplier quality management & PPAP
type: Concept
preferred label: Gestión de calidad de proveedores y PPAP @es
definition: PPAP as the production part approval process for qualifying supplier manufacturing capability. Covers the SQM program structure with scorecards, second-party audits, and supplier development plans.
broader: Quality Management Systems

Shop Floor Execution & MES
type: Concept
broader: Manufacturing & Operations

MES architecture & shop floor data integration
type: Concept
preferred label: Arquitectura MES e integración de datos de piso de planta @es
definition: The ISA-95 model positioning MES between ERP and control systems. Covers MES functional modules (WO dispatch, genealogy, quality, OEE, material tracking) and the ROI case for implementation.
broader: Shop Floor Execution & MES

Traceability, genealogy & batch record management
type: Concept
preferred label: Trazabilidad, genealogía y gestión de registros de lote @es
definition: Forward and backward traceability systems for product genealogy and batch record management. Covers eBR requirements for regulated industries, mock recall exercises, and GS1 traceability standards.
broader: Shop Floor Execution & MES

Digital work instructions & operator guidance systems
type: Concept
preferred label: Instrucciones de trabajo digitales y sistemas de guía al operador @es
definition: Electronic work instructions with poka-yoke integration: barcode verification, digital torque confirmation, and step-by-step multimedia guidance at the point of use.
broader: Shop Floor Execution & MES

Real-time production monitoring & andon systems
type: Concept
preferred label: Monitoreo de producción en tiempo real y sistemas andon @es
definition: Andon systems that make production problems immediately visible and trigger fast response. Covers the plan vs. actual dashboard, alert escalation design, and the behavioral change driven by real-time visibility.
broader: Shop Floor Execution & MES

Energy management & sustainable manufacturing
type: Concept
preferred label: Gestión de energía y manufactura sostenible @es
definition: Energy performance management (ISO 50001, EnMS) and the three levels of energy reduction action. Covers Energy Intensity Index, Scope 1/2 carbon accounting, and the ROI framework for energy efficiency investments.
broader: Shop Floor Execution & MES

Lean & Continuous Improvement
type: Concept
broader: Manufacturing & Operations

Value stream mapping & waste elimination (8 wastes)
type: Concept
preferred label: Mapeo de flujo de valor y eliminación de desperdicios (8 desperdicios) @es
definition: VSM methodology for making the complete value stream visible — distinguishing value-added from the 85–95% of manufacturing lead time that is waste. Covers the 8 wastes (TIMWOODS) and current vs. future state design.
broader: Lean & Continuous Improvement

Kaizen events, 5S & visual management
type: Concept
preferred label: Eventos kaizen, 5S y gestión visual @es
definition: The Kaizen rapid improvement event as a focused 5-day intervention. Covers 5S as an organizational control system and the visual management standard of the 30-second floor assessment.
broader: Lean & Continuous Improvement

Industry 4.0, IIoT & digital manufacturing
type: Concept
preferred label: Industria 4.0, IIoT y manufactura digital @es
definition: The convergence of physical manufacturing and digital systems. Covers IIoT architecture, digital twin, AI/ML in manufacturing, cobots, and the 5-level digital maturity model.
broader: Lean & Continuous Improvement

Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) system integration
type: Concept
preferred label: Integración del sistema TPM @es
definition: TPM as an organization-wide equipment management system. Covers the Autonomous Maintenance 7-step progression, CIL standardization, and TPM connected to the OEE improvement roadmap.
broader: Lean & Continuous Improvement

Six Sigma DMAIC & design of experiments (DoE)
type: Concept
preferred label: Six Sigma DMAIC y diseño de experimentos (DoE) @es
definition: DMAIC as the rigorous methodology for reducing process variability when root causes are unknown. Covers when to use DMAIC vs. Kaizen, Design of Experiments for factor optimization, and financial benefit validation.
broader: Lean & Continuous Improvement

Co-manufacturing & Contract Manufacturing
type: Concept
broader: Manufacturing & Operations

Co-manufacturing strategy, selection & governance
type: Concept
preferred label: Estrategia de co-manufactura, selección y gobernanza @es
definition: When and why to use co-manufacturing, and how to select and govern the relationship. Covers use cases (peak capacity, non-core capabilities, geographic expansion), the selection process, and contract governance with IP protection.
broader: Co-manufacturing & Contract Manufacturing

Co-man quality control, transfer protocols & tech transfer
type: Concept
preferred label: Control de calidad co-man, protocolos de transferencia y tech transfer @es
definition: The formal process of transferring the manufacturing process to a co-man. Covers documentation requirements, validation batch protocols (IQ/OQ/PQ), and managing deviations during ramp-up.
broader: Co-manufacturing & Contract Manufacturing

Co-man integration in S&OP & capacity planning
type: Concept
preferred label: Integración del co-man en S&OP y planeación de capacidad @es
definition: Modeling co-man capacity in the RCCP and S&OP as a formal production source. Covers the economics of when to activate co-man capacity and the financial trade-off vs. own capacity.
broader: Co-manufacturing & Contract Manufacturing

Make vs. buy analysis & vertical integration decisions
type: Concept
preferred label: Análisis make vs. buy y decisiones de integración vertical @es
definition: The full make vs. buy decision framework: TCO analysis, strategic factors (core competency, IP risk, flexibility), capex payback, and when vertical integration creates vs. destroys value.
broader: Co-manufacturing & Contract Manufacturing

Co-man performance management & continuous improvement
type: Concept
preferred label: Gestión de desempeño del co-man y mejora continua @es
definition: Managing the co-man scorecard (OTIF, PPM, cost), the formal improvement plan process, and the transfer of continuous improvement capabilities (SPC, SMED, 5S) to strengthen the co-man as a manufacturing partner.
broader: Co-manufacturing & Contract Manufacturing

Yield Optimization & Process Engineering
type: Concept
broader: Manufacturing & Operations

Yield analysis, scrap reduction & first pass yield
type: Concept
preferred label: Análisis de yield, reducción de scrap y first pass yield @es
definition: FPY and scrap analysis methodology: Pareto of defect types, separation of chronic vs. sporadic scrap, and quantification of the full cost of poor quality beyond the accounting scrap line.
broader: Yield Optimization & Process Engineering

Process parameter optimization & robust process design
type: Concept
preferred label: Optimización de parámetros de proceso y diseño robusto @es
definition: DoE-based process optimization to find the parameter settings that maximize quality and yield. Covers Response Surface Methodology, Window of Operability, and Taguchi robust design.
broader: Yield Optimization & Process Engineering

Process validation & IQ/OQ/PQ protocols
type: Concept
preferred label: Validación de proceso y protocolos IQ/OQ/PQ @es
definition: The IQ/OQ/PQ validation framework for demonstrating process capability. Covers protocol design, acceptance criteria, change control, and connection to regulated industry requirements.
broader: Yield Optimization & Process Engineering

Cost of manufacturing (COGS) analysis & cost reduction
type: Concept
preferred label: Análisis de costo de manufactura (COGS) y reducción de costos @es
definition: COGS decomposition by material, labor, and overhead, and the 5 vectors of manufacturing cost reduction. Covers standard cost vs. actual variance analysis and the COPQ as a cost reduction opportunity.
broader: Yield Optimization & Process Engineering

New product industrialization & process scale-up
type: Concept
preferred label: Industrialización de nuevos productos y scale-up de proceso @es
definition: The industrialization process from laboratory formula to stable commercial manufacturing. Covers the APQP framework, scale-up parameter identification, pilot-to-commercial DoE, and the metrics that define successful industrialization.
broader: Yield Optimization & Process Engineering

Strategic Sourcing & Procurement
type: Concept
preferred label: Abastecimiento Estratégico y Compras @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

Category Management & Sourcing Strategy
type: Concept
broader: Strategic Sourcing & Procurement

Spend analysis & category segmentation
type: Concept
definition: Collecting, classifying, and analyzing total organizational spend by category, supplier, and business unit. Covers the spend pyramid, Pareto concentration, and the spend cube architecture.
broader: Category Management & Sourcing Strategy

Kraljic matrix & category strategy design
type: Concept
definition: Classifying the procurement portfolio using the Kraljic matrix to define differentiated sourcing strategies for each quadrant: routine, leverage, bottleneck, and strategic.
broader: Category Management & Sourcing Strategy

Competitive sourcing: RFI, RFP & e-auctions
type: Concept
definition: Structuring competitive sourcing events that generate value beyond price. Covers when to use RFI vs. RFP vs. RFQ vs. e-auction, evaluation criteria design, and negotiation post-RFP.
broader: Category Management & Sourcing Strategy

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) modeling in sourcing
type: Concept
definition: Calculating the true cost of a supplier relationship beyond purchase price: freight, tariffs, quality cost, inventory-in-transit, and management overhead.
broader: Category Management & Sourcing Strategy

Tail spend management & procurement automation
type: Concept
definition: Managing low-value, high-transaction spend through e-catalogs, P-cards, marketplace platforms, and process automation that reduces transaction cost by 60–80%.
broader: Category Management & Sourcing Strategy

Supplier Relationship Management
type: Concept
broader: Strategic Sourcing & Procurement

Supplier segmentation & SRM program design
type: Concept
definition: Designing the SRM program with differentiated management levels (strategic, preferred, approved, transactional) and the QBR governance structure for strategic suppliers.
broader: Supplier Relationship Management

Supplier performance scorecard & KPI framework
type: Concept
definition: The QCDS (Quality, Cost, Delivery, Service) scorecard framework for measuring and communicating supplier performance.
broader: Supplier Relationship Management

Supplier development & capability building
type: Concept
definition: Investing in the supplier's capabilities through process audits, methodology transfer (SPC, 5S, SMED), and joint value engineering.
broader: Supplier Relationship Management

Supply chain risk & supplier resilience management
type: Concept
definition: Evaluating suppliers across four risk dimensions: financial, operational, geopolitical, and ESG. Covers supplier BCP verification and multi-tier risk visibility.
broader: Supplier Relationship Management

Supplier innovation & value co-creation
type: Concept
definition: Structured programs for capturing supplier innovations and joint value engineering that generate 3–8% material cost reduction annually.
broader: Supplier Relationship Management

Contract Management & Compliance
type: Concept
broader: Strategic Sourcing & Procurement

Contract lifecycle management (CLM) & repository
type: Concept
definition: Managing the full contract lifecycle from creation to renewal. Covers centralized repositories, renewal alerts, ERP configuration of negotiated terms, and the risks of unmanaged contracts.
broader: Contract Management & Compliance

Price adjustment mechanisms & index-linked contracts
type: Concept
definition: Designing contracts that adapt to commodity and cost volatility through index-linked pricing, material cost pass-through, and price escalation clauses.
broader: Contract Management & Compliance

Procurement compliance, ethics & anti-corruption
type: Concept
definition: The compliance program governing how the company buys: anti-corruption laws, conflict of interest management, order fractionation controls, and whistleblowing channels.
broader: Contract Management & Compliance

Procurement in capital projects (EPC / Capex)
type: Concept
definition: The specialized procurement process for capital projects: long lead item management, TBE/CBE bid evaluation, expediting, and Factory Acceptance Testing.
broader: Contract Management & Compliance

Procurement digital transformation & P2P automation
type: Concept
definition: Automating the Purchase-to-Pay process from requisition to payment. Covers e-invoicing, 3-way matching, supplier portals, and the business case for P2P digitalization.
broader: Contract Management & Compliance

Global Sourcing & Trade Compliance
type: Concept
broader: Strategic Sourcing & Procurement

Import/export compliance & customs management
type: Concept
definition: Tariff classification accuracy, T-MEC/USMCA utilization, customs valuation, and tariff engineering to legally optimize the tariff burden in global sourcing.
broader: Global Sourcing & Trade Compliance

ESG procurement: sustainable & responsible sourcing
type: Concept
definition: The three ESG pillars in procurement, the supplier audit framework (EcoVadis, SMETA), and Scope 3 emissions measurement through the supply chain.
broader: Global Sourcing & Trade Compliance

Negotiation strategy & value-based negotiation
type: Concept
definition: The full negotiation toolkit: competitive vs. collaborative approaches calibrated by Kraljic position, the 5 procurement negotiation levers, BATNA development, and savings realization measurement.
broader: Global Sourcing & Trade Compliance

Procurement KPIs, dashboards & value reporting
type: Concept
definition: The 4-layer procurement KPI framework (process efficiency, category outcomes, supplier management, business value) and translating procurement metrics into the CFO's financial language.
broader: Global Sourcing & Trade Compliance

Procurement talent, organization & digital skills
type: Concept
definition: Building the modern procurement team: the 5 competencies of the strategic buyer, the digital skills gap, rotation programs, and the value-per-FTE productivity model.
broader: Global Sourcing & Trade Compliance

Indirect Procurement & MRO
type: Concept
broader: Strategic Sourcing & Procurement

Indirect spend categories: IT, HR, facilities & marketing
type: Concept
definition: Category strategies for the major indirect spend categories: IT (enterprise licensing, shadow IT), HR (benefits, training), facilities (integrated contracts), and marketing (agency relationships).
broader: Indirect Procurement & MRO

MRO procurement: maintenance, repair & operations
type: Concept
definition: Managing the high-complexity, low-individual-value spend of maintenance materials and spare parts. Covers the integrated MRO distributor model, consignment inventory, and CMMS integration.
broader: Indirect Procurement & MRO

Professional services procurement (consulting, legal, IT services)
type: Concept
definition: Sourcing professional services with SOW design, team evaluation, and outcome-based contract models that align supplier incentives with results.
broader: Indirect Procurement & MRO

Freight & logistics procurement (TMS & carrier management)
type: Concept
definition: Lane-based freight procurement strategy, annual carrier bid methodology, contractual vs. spot mix optimization, and OTIF as a mandatory evaluation criterion.
broader: Indirect Procurement & MRO

Outsourcing strategy & third-party service governance
type: Concept
definition: The outsourcing decision framework (strategic, financial, operational, risk), SLA design with measurable metrics, exit clause requirements, and active governance post-contract.
broader: Indirect Procurement & MRO

Procurement Analytics & Technology
type: Concept
broader: Strategic Sourcing & Procurement

Procurement data architecture & spend cube
type: Concept
definition: Building the multi-dimensional spend cube from multiple ERP and card sources. Covers ML-powered classification, the spend cube dimensions, and the data quality prerequisites for analytics.
broader: Procurement Analytics & Technology

AI & machine learning applications in procurement
type: Concept
definition: The AI procurement application map: spend classification, contract intelligence, invoice matching, risk prediction, and supplier scoring — with realistic assessment of current limitations.
broader: Procurement Analytics & Technology

Supplier market intelligence & price benchmarking
type: Concept
definition: Building the supplier alternative map, monitoring commodity indices, and using import/export trade data to establish the market price anchor in negotiations.
broader: Procurement Analytics & Technology

Procurement platform selection & implementation
type: Concept
definition: Evaluating SAP Ariba, Coupa, Ivalua, and Jaggaer: the selection criteria framework, ERP integration evaluation, and the post-go-live adoption program.
broader: Procurement Analytics & Technology

Working capital optimization through procurement (DPO & SCF)
type: Concept
definition: Using DPO extension and Supply Chain Finance (reverse factoring/confirming) to liberate working capital without damaging supplier relationships.
broader: Procurement Analytics & Technology

Inventory Management
type: Concept
preferred label: Gestión de Inventarios @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

Inventory Policy & Segmentation
type: Concept
broader: Inventory Management

ABC-XYZ segmentation & differentiated inventory policies
type: Concept
definition: Combining value classification (ABC) and demand variability (XYZ) to design differentiated stocking policies — high SS for AZ where most stockouts concentrate, consignment for CZ.
broader: Inventory Policy & Segmentation

Safety stock calculation & service level optimization
type: Concept
definition: The correct SS formula and the exponential cost-service curve that makes the trade-off explicit. Covers dynamic recalibration and differentiated service level targets by segment and channel.
broader: Inventory Policy & Segmentation

Reorder point, EOQ & replenishment parameters
type: Concept
definition: When to order (ROP) and how much (EOQ), continuous vs. periodic review systems, and the impact of stale lead time parameters on simultaneous excess and shortage.
broader: Inventory Policy & Segmentation

Inventory reduction programs & working capital liberation
type: Concept
definition: The 4 levers of inventory reduction structured as a program with fill rate protection and explicit financial quantification for the CFO.
broader: Inventory Policy & Segmentation

Slow-moving & obsolete (SLOB) inventory management
type: Concept
definition: SLOB classification by aging and root cause, the 4 disposition options in sequence, and the preventive S&OP monitoring that stops new SLOB from forming.
broader: Inventory Policy & Segmentation

Multi-Echelon & Network Inventory
type: Concept
broader: Inventory Management

Multi-echelon inventory optimization across the network
type: Concept
definition: Simultaneous optimization across all network nodes. Covers the risk pooling effect, the 20–35% inventory reduction potential, and the centralization vs. lead time trade-off quantification.
broader: Multi-Echelon & Network Inventory

Distribution center inventory management & replenishment
type: Concept
definition: Push vs. pull vs. hybrid replenishment models for DCs, cross-docking for high-velocity SKUs, and real-time DC inventory visibility that enables effective production coordination.
broader: Multi-Echelon & Network Inventory

Inventory in transit management & pipeline visibility
type: Concept
definition: Managing in-transit stock (20–30% of total inventory for overseas sourcing). Covers ASN/EDI 856, carrier tracking integration, and MRP inclusion of confirmed pipeline supply.
broader: Multi-Echelon & Network Inventory

Seasonal & promotional inventory planning
type: Concept
definition: Pre-build strategy for seasonal peaks and promotional events: when to start, how much to build, and how to manage the post-season SLOB risk.
broader: Multi-Echelon & Network Inventory

Consignment inventory & vendor-managed inventory (VMI)
type: Concept
definition: VMI program design: data integration requirements, min/max calibration, bilateral benefits, and integrating VMI sell-out data into the S&OP as a demand source.
broader: Multi-Echelon & Network Inventory

Demand-Driven Replenishment
type: Concept
broader: Inventory Management

Demand-Driven MRP (DDMRP) methodology
type: Concept
definition: The DDMRP framework: strategic buffer positioning, zone-based buffer sizing, dynamic adjustment, and how it simultaneously reduces inventory 20–40% while improving OTIF vs. classic MRP.
broader: Demand-Driven Replenishment

Pull systems: kanban design & implementation
type: Concept
definition: Kanban mechanics: production vs. transport kanbans, the number of cards formula, e-kanban for high-volume flows, and when kanban is not appropriate for high-variability demand.
broader: Demand-Driven Replenishment

Dynamic replenishment & automated reorder systems
type: Concept
definition: Rolling horizon parameter recalculation, exception-based adjustment, and fully automated PO generation for eligible categories with data quality prerequisites.
broader: Demand-Driven Replenishment

Omnichannel inventory & available-to-promise (ATP)
type: Concept
definition: Real-time ATP across channels with explicit prioritization rules, CTP for make-to-order, and the order management integration that prevents overselling.
broader: Demand-Driven Replenishment

Retail & point-of-sale inventory management
type: Concept
definition: In-stock rate as the true customer-facing metric, phantom inventory detection, and the VMI program at the retailer that eliminates the most frequent root cause of on-shelf stockouts.
broader: Demand-Driven Replenishment

MRO & Critical Spares Inventory
type: Concept
broader: Inventory Management

Critical spare parts classification & stocking policy
type: Concept
definition: The criticality × lead time × failure probability matrix for spare parts — replacing ABC classification with a downtime-cost-driven framework.
broader: MRO & Critical Spares Inventory

Reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) & inventory alignment
type: Concept
definition: Connecting the RCM maintenance program to the spare parts catalog: PM-driven replenishment and CMMS-inventory integration.
broader: MRO & Critical Spares Inventory

Spare parts obsolescence & lifecycle management
type: Concept
definition: Equipment lifecycle → spare parts lifecycle: proactive OEM end-of-support monitoring, last-time-buy ROI analysis, and the equipment retirement process.
broader: MRO & Critical Spares Inventory

Condition-based inventory & predictive maintenance integration
type: Concept
definition: How PdM sensor data converts static safety stock into dynamic condition-triggered purchasing — reducing spare parts inventory 30–60% without increasing downtime risk.
broader: MRO & Critical Spares Inventory

MRO inventory KPIs & cost management
type: Concept
definition: The 3-dimension MRO KPI framework (availability, cost, quality), Total Cost of MRO including downtime cost, and the joint procurement-maintenance review.
broader: MRO & Critical Spares Inventory

Inventory Analytics & Technology
type: Concept
broader: Inventory Management

Inventory KPI dashboard & reporting framework
type: Concept
definition: The 3-level reporting framework (operational, tactical, strategic) and the financial translation that connects DIO and OTIF to the CFO’s language.
broader: Inventory Analytics & Technology

AI & ML for inventory forecasting & optimization
type: Concept
definition: ML applications in demand forecasting and parameter optimization — data quality prerequisites, realistic MAPE improvement benchmarks, and inventory capital reduction.
broader: Inventory Analytics & Technology

WMS & inventory accuracy in the warehouse
type: Concept
definition: The enemies of inventory accuracy, cycle counting program design by ABC segment, and the root cause elimination process that makes improvement structural.
broader: Inventory Analytics & Technology

Inventory digitalization: IoT, RFID & smart shelves
type: Concept
definition: RFID for warehouse and retail counting, IoT weight-based shelf sensing, and computer vision — with ROI analysis for each technology.
broader: Inventory Analytics & Technology

Inventory financing: working capital & supply chain finance
type: Concept
definition: DIO, CCC, and ROCE as the financial metrics of inventory management — and how to present the inventory-capital trade-off in the language of the CFO.
broader: Inventory Analytics & Technology

Inventory Governance & Organization
type: Concept
broader: Inventory Management

S&OP integration: inventory in the monthly planning cycle
type: Concept
definition: Embedding inventory decisions in the S&OP — quantifying the service-capital trade-off, integrating the seasonal pre-build, and connecting inventory to the IBP financial bridge.
broader: Inventory Governance & Organization

Inventory accuracy program & cycle counting
type: Concept
definition: Designing the cycle counting program (frequency by value segment, discrepancy investigation protocol) and the root cause elimination that converts corrections into structural improvements.
broader: Inventory Governance & Organization

Inventory organization: roles, responsibilities & incentives
type: Concept
definition: Defining inventory management roles, the DIO accountability structure, and the incentive alignment challenge that production and sales efficiency metrics create.
broader: Inventory Governance & Organization

Inventory write-off management & financial reconciliation
type: Concept
definition: The formal write-off process, write-off as a health indicator, and the prevention rate that measures if SLOB detection is happening early enough to recover value.
broader: Inventory Governance & Organization

Inventory benchmarking & continuous improvement program
type: Concept
definition: Industry DIO benchmarks by sector, the 3-year PDCA-based improvement program, and prioritizing initiatives by financial impact rather than implementation ease.
broader: Inventory Governance & Organization

Logistics & Transportation
type: Concept
preferred label: Logística y Transporte @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

Freight Management & Mode Selection
type: Concept
broader: Logistics & Transportation

Transportation mode selection: road, rail, air & ocean
type: Concept
definition: TCO-based mode selection framework — including the in-transit inventory cost that makes air freight cheaper than ocean for high-value products with long transit times.
broader: Freight Management & Mode Selection

Incoterms, freight contracts & rate management
type: Concept
definition: The impact of Incoterms on cost control, the CIF-to-FOB transition that gives buyers leverage over freight, and contract management in a volatile freight market.
broader: Freight Management & Mode Selection

Freight consolidation, LTL vs. FTL & load optimization
type: Concept
definition: The LTL/FTL breakeven calculation, consolidation program design, milk-run networks for low-volume destinations, and 3D load optimization to maximize truck fill rate.
broader: Freight Management & Mode Selection

International freight: ocean, air & multimodal
type: Concept
definition: Managing the full ecosystem of international freight: freight forwarders, ocean carriers, AWBs and BLs, container tracking, and freight invoice auditing.
broader: Freight Management & Mode Selection

Freight cost allocation & logistics P&L management
type: Concept
definition: Building the logistics P&L with correct cost allocation by channel and customer, and the Cost to Serve analysis that reveals which customers are destroying margin.
broader: Freight Management & Mode Selection

Carrier Management & TMS
type: Concept
broader: Logistics & Transportation

Carrier selection, qualification & performance management
type: Concept
definition: Carrier consolidation strategy, the OTIF + damage rate scorecard, QBR governance with strategic carriers, and connecting scorecard performance to volume allocation decisions.
broader: Carrier Management & TMS

TMS implementation & transportation planning
type: Concept
definition: The full TMS value stack: order management, load planning, carrier booking automation, freight audit, and the ERP-TMS integration that unlocks end-to-end visibility.
broader: Carrier Management & TMS

Route optimization & territory design
type: Concept
definition: Fixed vs. dynamic routes, the VRP (Vehicle Routing Problem) and TMS optimization engines, territory design methodology, and circulation restriction management in Mexican cities.
broader: Carrier Management & TMS

Real-time shipment visibility & supply chain control tower
type: Concept
definition: The architecture of a logistics control tower: data sources, alert thresholds, escalation protocols, and proactive exception resolution before the customer calls.
broader: Carrier Management & TMS

Fleet management: own fleet vs. 3PL decision
type: Concept
definition: The full TCO of an owned truck (depreciation, fuel, driver, NOM-087, insurance), the own fleet vs. 3PL breakeven, and the hybrid model that optimizes control with flexibility.
broader: Carrier Management & TMS

Cold Chain & Specialized Logistics
type: Concept
broader: Logistics & Transportation

Cold chain design, temperature monitoring & compliance
type: Concept
definition: Continuous temperature logging as a COFEPRIS regulatory requirement, IoT data loggers with pre-limit alert thresholds, and the investigation protocol when an excursion occurs.
broader: Cold Chain & Specialized Logistics

Hazmat logistics: ADR/DOT compliance & dangerous goods
type: Concept
definition: UN classification system, mandatory documentation (NOM-002-SCT, 49 CFR), carrier qualification requirements, and annual hazmat training as a regulatory obligation.
broader: Cold Chain & Specialized Logistics

Oversize, project cargo & specialized equipment logistics
type: Concept
definition: Route survey methodology, permit timeline management (SCT, SHCP, municipalities), and the specialized carriers who have both the equipment and the regulatory relationships.
broader: Cold Chain & Specialized Logistics

Packaging & unitization for transportation
type: Concept
definition: ASTM D4169 testing protocol, TCO-based packaging design (protection vs. space vs. handling), pallet configuration optimization, and fill rate impact of packaging decisions.
broader: Cold Chain & Specialized Logistics

E-commerce fulfillment logistics & last mile
type: Concept
definition: D2C vs. 3PL vs. marketplace fulfillment models, Ship from Store economics, locker network density, and last mile cost per order as the defining metric of e-commerce logistics viability.
broader: Cold Chain & Specialized Logistics

Network Design & 3PL Management
type: Concept
broader: Logistics & Transportation

Logistics network design: facility location & flow optimization
type: Concept
definition: SCND (Supply Chain Network Design) models, the nodes vs. cost vs. service trade-off, risk pooling effect, and the transition plan that makes a network redesign executable.
broader: Network Design & 3PL Management

3PL selection, contract design & governance
type: Concept
definition: The 3PL RFP and site visit process, SLA design with measurable metrics and penalty mechanisms, exit clause requirements, and the active governance that prevents 3PL performance drift.
broader: Network Design & 3PL Management

Logistics KPIs, benchmarking & performance dashboards
type: Concept
definition: The 3-level logistics KPI framework (operational/tactical/strategic), perfect order rate as the most complete service metric, and translating logistics KPIs into the CFO’s financial language.
broader: Network Design & 3PL Management

Cross-border logistics: customs, nearshoring & free trade zones
type: Concept
definition: T-MEC utilization rate optimization, tariff classification audits, IMMEX regime for exportation-focused manufacturers, and integrating trade compliance into the procurement process.
broader: Network Design & 3PL Management

Sustainable logistics: carbon footprint, green transport & circular supply chains
type: Concept
definition: Scope 3 logistics emissions measurement, the decarbonization initiatives that simultaneously reduce cost (route optimization, consolidation), and the rail vs. road modal shift economics.
broader: Network Design & 3PL Management

Logistics Technology & Innovation
type: Concept
broader: Logistics & Transportation

Logistics technology stack: TMS, WMS & visibility platforms
type: Concept
definition: The ERP-WMS-TMS-Visibility integration architecture, native ERP modules vs. best-of-breed, and the phased implementation approach that reduces risk.
broader: Logistics Technology & Innovation

Warehouse automation: robotics, AGVs & goods-to-person systems
type: Concept
definition: Goods-to-Person, AGV, sorter, and ASRS technologies — with the business case framework (labor cost, volume, variability, payback period) that determines when automation is justified.
broader: Logistics Technology & Innovation

Autonomous delivery & drone logistics
type: Concept
definition: The current state of ADVs and drone delivery (2026), the niches where drones are commercially viable today (medical samples, rural pharmacies), and the regulatory timeline in Mexico.
broader: Logistics Technology & Innovation

Digital twins & simulation in logistics network planning
type: Concept
definition: Building the digital twin of the logistics network, using it for disruption simulation and S&OP scenario planning, and the data quality requirements that determine its value.
broader: Logistics Technology & Innovation

AI & machine learning applications in logistics
type: Concept
definition: Carrier OTIF prediction, dynamic route optimization, and disruption detection — with realistic assessment of data quality prerequisites and adoption challenges.
broader: Logistics Technology & Innovation

Logistics Governance & Analytics
type: Concept
broader: Logistics & Transportation

Logistics cost control & budget management
type: Concept
definition: The 3-driver logistics budget model (volume + channel mix + market freight rates), quarterly reforecast cadence, and root cause analysis of budget variances.
broader: Logistics Governance & Analytics

Logistics organization, talent & digital skills
type: Concept
definition: The modern logistics team roles (Director, Transportation Manager, Logistics Analyst, Control Tower), the digital skills gap, and the competency development plan.
broader: Logistics Governance & Analytics

Logistics risk management & supply chain resilience
type: Concept
definition: BCP design with pre-identified alternatives, activation time targets, annual simulation exercises, and integrating supplier BCPs into the logistics risk management program.
broader: Logistics Governance & Analytics

Customer service integration: order management & delivery promises
type: Concept
definition: The 5 root causes of delivery promise failures, ATP accuracy as the foundation, proactive delay communication protocol, and order cycle time as the end-to-end logistics efficiency metric.
broader: Logistics Governance & Analytics

Reverse logistics & returns management
type: Concept
definition: Return rate benchmarks by channel, the 4-disposition framework (resell/repair/liquidate/scrap), recovery rate optimization, and connecting return root causes to quality and commercial teams.
broader: Logistics Governance & Analytics

Warehousing, OMS & Fulfillment
type: Concept
preferred label: Almacenamiento, OMS y Cumplimiento @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

Warehouse Operations & WMS
type: Concept
broader: Warehousing, OMS & Fulfillment

Warehouse layout design & slotting optimization
type: Concept
definition: Proximity-based slotting of high-velocity SKUs, the 9-quadrant slotting rules, and the semi-annual re-slotting program that keeps the layout aligned with the evolving portfolio.
broader: Warehouse Operations & WMS

WMS implementation: receiving, put-away & inventory control
type: Concept
definition: The full WMS value stack: ASN-based receiving, directed put-away, wave planning, cycle counting, and the ERP integration that makes the WMS a system of record.
broader: Warehouse Operations & WMS

FEFO, lot traceability & quality management in the warehouse
type: Concept
definition: FEFO as a hard WMS rule, lot traceability from reception to dispatch, COFEPRIS compliance for pharmaceuticals, and recall simulation exercises.
broader: Warehouse Operations & WMS

Labor management & workforce planning in the warehouse
type: Concept
definition: Engineered labor standards, LMS for real-time productivity tracking, the staffing model based on projected volume, and the incentive program that rewards top performers.
broader: Warehouse Operations & WMS

Value-added services (VAS) & postponement in the warehouse
type: Concept
definition: Kitting, labeling, repackaging, and serialization — and the postponement strategy that reduces total inventory by keeping products generic until the last moment.
broader: Warehouse Operations & WMS

Order Management System (OMS/ATP/CTP)
type: Concept
broader: Warehousing, OMS & Fulfillment

OMS architecture: order capture, routing & orchestration
type: Concept
definition: The OMS as the orchestration layer above the WMS and TMS — managing the full order lifecycle, real-time ATP, and the routing logic that decides which node serves each order.
broader: Order Management System (OMS/ATP/CTP)

ATP & CTP: real-time availability & promise management
type: Concept
definition: Multi-node ATP that sees inventory in DCs, stores, in-transit, and in production — and the CTP extension for make-to-order environments.
broader: Order Management System (OMS/ATP/CTP)

Order prioritization, allocation & backorder management
type: Concept
definition: Priority rules for inventory allocation when demand exceeds supply, backorder management with accurate projected dates, and the root cause connection to inventory policy.
broader: Order Management System (OMS/ATP/CTP)

B2B order management: EDI, vendor portals & contract compliance
type: Concept
definition: EDI 850/855/856 processing, ASN compliance, customer OTIF SLAs with penalty management, and proactive OTIF risk alerts before the failure occurs.
broader: Order Management System (OMS/ATP/CTP)

Order management analytics: fill rate, OTIF & service metrics
type: Concept
definition: The 3-level order management analytics framework, perfect order rate as the composite service metric, and the financial translation that connects fill rate gaps to revenue at risk.
broader: Order Management System (OMS/ATP/CTP)

Pick-Pack-Ship & Fulfillment Execution
type: Concept
broader: Warehousing, OMS & Fulfillment

Picking methods: single, batch, wave & zone picking
type: Concept
definition: The picking method selection framework — how order profile determines whether single, batch, wave, or zone picking minimizes cost and maximizes LPPH.
broader: Pick-Pack-Ship & Fulfillment Execution

Packing station design & cartonization optimization
type: Concept
definition: Cartonization algorithms that select the smallest viable box per order, DIM weight economics, and the packing station layout that minimizes cycle time.
broader: Pick-Pack-Ship & Fulfillment Execution

Shipping execution: carrier booking, labeling & documentation
type: Concept
definition: Automated carrier booking, the CFDI de Traslado + Carta Porte requirement in Mexico (mandatory since 2022), and scan-verification that prevents packages from being left behind.
broader: Pick-Pack-Ship & Fulfillment Execution

Same-day & express fulfillment operations
type: Concept
definition: Same-day cut-off time design, Ship from Store economics for urban density, and fulfillment cycle time as the metric that determines viability of the same-day promise.
broader: Pick-Pack-Ship & Fulfillment Execution

Fulfillment KPIs: perfect order, DPMO & order cycle time
type: Concept
definition: The fulfillment KPI framework by process, perfect order rate as the end-to-end quality metric, and DPMO for pharmaceutical-grade operations.
broader: Pick-Pack-Ship & Fulfillment Execution

Cross-Docking & Flow-Through
type: Concept
broader: Warehousing, OMS & Fulfillment

Cross-docking design: direct, indirect & opportunistic
type: Concept
definition: The three cross-docking models and their viability conditions — with the SKU selection criteria that determine where cross-docking generates value vs. where storage is still necessary.
broader: Cross-Docking & Flow-Through

Yard management & dock scheduling
type: Concept
definition: The YMS and appointment scheduling as the tools that eliminate yard congestion, reduce truck turnaround time, and maximize dock utilization.
broader: Cross-Docking & Flow-Through

Flow-through for retail replenishment
type: Concept
definition: The flow-through model for convenience store and supermarket replenishment — reducing DIO at the distribution node to near-zero for high-velocity SKUs.
broader: Cross-Docking & Flow-Through

Merge-in-transit & consolidation hubs
type: Concept
definition: The merge-in-transit model for multi-supplier order consolidation, synchronization requirements, and the protocol for managing the late arrival of a single component.
broader: Cross-Docking & Flow-Through

Vendor compliance programs: SSCC, ASN & store-ready merchandise
type: Concept
definition: SSCC barcode standards, ASN timeliness and accuracy, store-ready merchandise requirements, and the chargeback program that creates the financial incentive for supplier compliance.
broader: Cross-Docking & Flow-Through

Warehouse Automation & AMR/Robotics
type: Concept
broader: Warehousing, OMS & Fulfillment

AMR & mobile robotics: autonomous mobile robots in the warehouse
type: Concept
definition: Goods-to-Operator, follow-me, and transportation AMRs — with the business case (LPPH improvement, headcount reduction, payback period) and the fleet utilization metric.
broader: Warehouse Automation & AMR/Robotics

Automated Storage & Retrieval Systems (ASRS)
type: Concept
definition: Pallet ASRS, mini-load, and AutoStore — with the space utilization economics that justify the high capex when the m² cost is the binding constraint.
broader: Warehouse Automation & AMR/Robotics

Pick-to-light, put-to-light & voice-directed picking
type: Concept
definition: Pick-to-light for fixed high-velocity zones, voice-directed picking as the highest ROI pick-assist technology for most operations, and the accuracy comparison by technology.
broader: Warehouse Automation & AMR/Robotics

Conveyor systems, sorters & warehouse control systems (WCS)
type: Concept
definition: Crossbelt sorters for high-volume classification, the WCS that controls the automation infrastructure, and the sorter accuracy monitoring that detects barcode quality issues.
broader: Warehouse Automation & AMR/Robotics

Automation ROI, total cost of ownership & implementation roadmap
type: Concept
definition: The full TCO of warehouse automation (capex + integration + maintenance + downtime), the 5-criteria decision framework, and the phased roadmap from voice-directed to ASRS.
broader: Warehouse Automation & AMR/Robotics

Warehouse KPIs, Metrics & Governance
type: Concept
broader: Warehousing, OMS & Fulfillment

Warehouse KPI framework: operational, financial & service metrics
type: Concept
definition: The 3-level warehouse KPI framework with the financial translation that connects LPPH and IA to cost per order and warehouse cost % of revenue.
broader: Warehouse KPIs, Metrics & Governance

Space utilization & capacity planning
type: Concept
definition: The 70–85% utilization target, SLOB elimination as the fastest capacity release tool, and the S&OP integration that detects capacity gaps with 6+ months of lead time.
broader: Warehouse KPIs, Metrics & Governance

Warehouse cost management & continuous improvement
type: Concept
definition: The warehouse cost structure (labor 60–70%), the kaizen methodology applied to warehouse processes, and cost per order as the composite financial KPI of warehouse efficiency.
broader: Warehouse KPIs, Metrics & Governance

Warehouse S&OP integration & capacity governance
type: Concept
definition: The warehouse as an active participant in the S&OP supply review — presenting capacity gaps and investment proposals with sufficient lead time.
broader: Warehouse KPIs, Metrics & Governance

Warehouse safety, compliance & ESG in logistics operations
type: Concept
definition: TRIR as the most important KPI, NOM-006 and NOM-009 compliance, the behavior-based safety program, and the electric forklift transition as the highest-impact ESG initiative.
broader: Warehouse KPIs, Metrics & Governance

Reverse Logistics & Returns
type: Concept
preferred label: Logística Inversa y Devoluciones @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

Returns Management & RMA Process
type: Concept
broader: Reverse Logistics & Returns

Returns policy design & customer experience
type: Concept
definition: The conversion-vs-returns cost trade-off, the 4 return policy models, and how fit guides, self-service portals, and “refund without return” thresholds generate better outcomes than restrictive policies.
broader: Returns Management & RMA Process

RMA process design: authorization, receiving & triage
type: Concept
definition: Pre-assigned RMA numbers, the 5-step triage process with documented criteria, automated refund issuance, and real-time status visibility that eliminates 80% of CS calls.
broader: Returns Management & RMA Process

Reverse logistics carrier management & return shipping
type: Concept
definition: PUDO networks vs. home pickup economics, BORIS as the zero-cost return channel, and negotiating return freight rates as part of the global carrier contract.
broader: Returns Management & RMA Process

Product recall management & regulatory compliance
type: Concept
definition: Class I/II/III recall classification, the 24-72 hour protocol, lot traceability as the prerequisite of a surgical recall, and the bi-annual simulation that validates the protocol.
broader: Returns Management & RMA Process

Returns data analytics & root cause reduction
type: Concept
definition: The 4-category root cause framework, SKU-level return rate analysis, serial returner identification, and the financial translation of each root cause reduction action.
broader: Returns Management & RMA Process

Refurbishment, Remanufacturing & Repair
type: Concept
broader: Reverse Logistics & Returns

Grading & condition assessment for returned products
type: Concept
definition: The A–F grading system, visual reference criteria for consistency, monthly calibration protocol, and the connection between grading accuracy and overall recovery rate.
broader: Refurbishment, Remanufacturing & Repair

Refurbishment operations: cleaning, testing & cosmetic repair
type: Concept
definition: The 7-step refurbishment process, the break-even analysis by product category, and certified refurbished pricing economics.
broader: Refurbishment, Remanufacturing & Repair

Remanufacturing: restore to OEM specifications
type: Concept
definition: The remanufacturing vs. refurbishment distinction, 85% material reutilization and 80% energy savings vs. new production, and why remanufactured product margins often exceed new product margins.
broader: Refurbishment, Remanufacturing & Repair

Repair services & warranty management
type: Concept
definition: The 4 repair service models, warranty cost as % of revenue as the quality feedback KPI, first-time fix rate, and the feedback loop from warranty failure data to R&D design improvements.
broader: Refurbishment, Remanufacturing & Repair

Spare parts management for after-sales service
type: Concept
definition: The Croston method for intermittent demand forecasting, the criticality × lead time classification matrix, last-time-buy analysis, and consignment for critical long-lead-time parts.
broader: Refurbishment, Remanufacturing & Repair

Recycling, EOL Disposal & Circular Economy
type: Concept
broader: Reverse Logistics & Returns

End-of-life product management & circular economy strategy
type: Concept
definition: The circular economy hierarchy (reuse → repair → remanufacture → recycle → energy recovery → landfill), take-back program models, and the Product-as-a-Service model that guarantees 100% EOL recovery.
broader: Recycling, EOL Disposal & Circular Economy

Hazardous waste management & environmental compliance
type: Concept
definition: LGPGIR obligations, NOM-052-SEMARNAT classification, the hazardous waste manifest as the central compliance document, and the COA-SEMARNAT registration.
broader: Recycling, EOL Disposal & Circular Economy

E-waste & WEEE recycling programs
type: Concept
definition: RAEE regulation and the Responsabilidad Extendida del Productor in Mexico, the materials recovery economics of e-waste, and R2/e-Stewards certification for recyclers.
broader: Recycling, EOL Disposal & Circular Economy

Packaging sustainability & reverse packaging logistics
type: Concept
definition: Returnable pallet pooling economics (CHEP), packaging recyclability as a retailer requirement, PCR content, and the EPS elimination roadmap.
broader: Recycling, EOL Disposal & Circular Economy

Carbon footprint of reverse logistics & Scope 3 reporting
type: Concept
definition: Calculating the Scope 3 emissions of return freight, returns center operations, and disposal — with the GHG Protocol methodology and the PUDO migration as the highest-impact reduction initiative.
broader: Recycling, EOL Disposal & Circular Economy

Reverse Network Design & 3PL
type: Concept
broader: Reverse Logistics & Returns

Reverse logistics network design & facility location
type: Concept
definition: Centralized vs. decentralized vs. hybrid returns center models, the total cost trade-off (return freight vs. infrastructure cost), and the 3-year review cadence.
broader: Reverse Network Design & 3PL

3PL selection for reverse logistics operations
type: Concept
definition: Recovery rate as the primary selection criterion (not cost per unit), the 5 key capabilities of a specialized RLP, and the contract design with SLAs and grading criteria.
broader: Reverse Network Design & 3PL

Returns center operations: layout, staffing & technology
type: Concept
definition: The 5 functional zones of the returns center, the higher skill requirements of returns center staff, and the real-time OMS integration that gives CS visibility of every return status.
broader: Reverse Network Design & 3PL

Cross-border reverse logistics & international returns
type: Concept
definition: The customs requirements for international returns in Mexico (temporary export, T-MEC), and the “refund without return” threshold analysis for low-value products.
broader: Reverse Network Design & 3PL

Benchmarking reverse logistics performance
type: Concept
definition: Industry benchmarks for return rate, recovery rate, processing time, and returns cost as % of revenue — with the gap analysis that drives the improvement roadmap.
broader: Reverse Network Design & 3PL

Resale Channels & Value Recovery
type: Concept
broader: Reverse Logistics & Returns

Certified refurbished channel: direct & marketplace
type: Concept
definition: Why the guarantee is the key to the certified refurbished price premium, Back Market and Amazon Renewed as the highest-recovery channels for electronics, and the D2C vs. marketplace economics.
broader: Resale Channels & Value Recovery

B2B liquidation & secondary market channels
type: Concept
definition: B2B auction platforms (B-Stock, Liquidity Services), the liquidation corridor of 25–45% recovery, and the flash sale model that generates higher recovery while building brand visibility.
broader: Resale Channels & Value Recovery

Trade-in programs & device buyback
type: Concept
definition: The dual benefit for manufacturer and customer, instant buy vs. mail-in models, the conversion rate as the primary KPI, and the circular economy argument for trade-in programs.
broader: Resale Channels & Value Recovery

Donation & CSR programs for returned inventory
type: Concept
definition: The ISR deduction framework for donations in Mexico (Art. 82 LISR), the fiscal economics that often make donation more valuable than liquidation, and the BAMX partnership model.
broader: Resale Channels & Value Recovery

Value recovery analytics & disposition optimization
type: Concept
definition: The ML-powered disposition optimization engine, the timing-vs-recovery trade-off for technology products, and the $100K-per-percentage-point value of recovery rate improvement.
broader: Resale Channels & Value Recovery

Reverse Logistics Governance & Analytics
type: Concept
broader: Reverse Logistics & Returns

Reverse logistics KPI framework & performance dashboards
type: Concept
definition: The 3-dimension KPI framework (volume/quality, process efficiency, value recovery) and the financial translation that converts return rate and recovery rate into revenue-at-risk and margin impact.
broader: Reverse Logistics Governance & Analytics

Reverse logistics cost management & financial reconciliation
type: Concept
definition: The full returns P&L structure (disposition revenue minus return freight, processing, write-offs, and customer compensation) and why write-offs are typically the largest cost component.
broader: Reverse Logistics Governance & Analytics

S&OP integration of reverse logistics flows
type: Concept
definition: Grade A return inventory as a supply source in the S&OP, the 4–6 week lag between sales peak and returns peak for capacity planning, and the financial plan integration.
broader: Reverse Logistics Governance & Analytics

Regulatory compliance in reverse logistics
type: Concept
definition: LGPGIR, NOM-161-SEMARNAT (RAEE/REP), COFEPRIS recall protocols, and hazardous waste manifests — with the compliance audit frequency and the proactive regulator relationship.
broader: Reverse Logistics Governance & Analytics

ESG reporting & circular economy metrics
type: Concept
definition: Circular Economy Rate %, EOL Recovery Rate %, Refurbished Product % of Revenue, and Carbon Intensity of Returns — aligned with GRI 301 and GRI 306 reporting standards.
broader: Reverse Logistics Governance & Analytics

Customer Experience & Last Mile
type: Concept
preferred label: Experiencia del Cliente y Última Milla @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

Customer Service & Order Management
type: Concept
broader: Customer Experience & Last Mile

Customer service strategy: omnichannel CS & SLA design
type: Concept
definition: The tiered CS model, channel SLAs, the NPS and cost impact of WhatsApp as the primary CS channel in Mexico, and how agent empowerment drives FCR.
broader: Customer Service & Order Management

Order visibility: proactive notifications & customer tracking portals
type: Concept
definition: The 5 proactive notification moments, the tracking portal as the highest-ROI CS investment (100–200x), and the WISMO rate as the leading indicator of the tracking capability gap.
broader: Customer Service & Order Management

CS technology: CRM, chatbots & AI in customer service
type: Concept
definition: The CS technology stack, chatbot containment rate, and AI-powered agent assist for faster, higher-CSAT resolutions.
broader: Customer Service & Order Management

Complaints management & escalation protocols
type: Concept
definition: SLA by complaint category, the service recovery paradox, and the complaint root cause analysis that connects CS data to operational improvement.
broader: Customer Service & Order Management

B2B customer service: key accounts & supply chain collaboration
type: Concept
definition: The CSM role in B2B supply chain CS, QBRs as the strategic relationship mechanism, and forecast collaboration as the highest-ROI CS investment in B2B.
broader: Customer Service & Order Management

Last Mile Delivery Operations
type: Concept
broader: Customer Experience & Last Mile

Last mile delivery models: home delivery, PUDO & locker networks
type: Concept
definition: The economics of each last mile model, the PUDO incentive design, BORIS as the zero-cost return channel with in-store upsell.
broader: Last Mile Delivery Operations

Route optimization & dispatch for last mile fleets
type: Concept
definition: VRP-based route optimization, zone-based scheduling to maximize delivery density, and the 30-minute pre-delivery notification that cuts failed deliveries in half.
broader: Last Mile Delivery Operations

Failed deliveries: management, re-delivery & exception handling
type: Concept
definition: The 5 root causes of failed deliveries, the proactive notification-and-options protocol, and the financial cost of a failed delivery.
broader: Last Mile Delivery Operations

Crowdsourced delivery & gig economy logistics
type: Concept
definition: Own fleet vs. Rappi/99minutos economics, the NPS differential between own fleet and crowdsourced delivery, and the hybrid model.
broader: Last Mile Delivery Operations

Last mile analytics: cost-per-delivery, zone profitability & carrier performance
type: Concept
definition: Zone-level cost analysis, differential delivery pricing, and the carrier performance scorecard that includes NPS alongside OTIF.
broader: Last Mile Delivery Operations

Delivery Experience & NPS
type: Concept
broader: Customer Experience & Last Mile

Delivery NPS: measuring & improving the unboxing & delivery experience
type: Concept
definition: The 5 NPS drivers (on-time delivery 35–40%, product condition 25–30%, tracking 15–20%, courier professionalism 10–15%, unboxing 5–10%) and the close-the-loop protocol for detractors.
broader: Delivery Experience & NPS

Packaging experience & unboxing design
type: Concept
definition: Branded packaging ROI (8–12 NPS points), right-sizing economics, and the shareable unboxing as free organic marketing.
broader: Delivery Experience & NPS

Proactive exception management & delivery recovery
type: Concept
definition: The 3-step exception protocol, the 40-point NPS difference between proactively notified and non-notified customers during a delivery failure.
broader: Delivery Experience & NPS

Same-day delivery experience & speed-to-delight
type: Concept
definition: SDD on-time rate, Ship from Store economics, and the conversion lift from SDD availability.
broader: Delivery Experience & NPS

Post-delivery engagement: reviews, loyalty & re-purchase triggers
type: Concept
definition: The 4 post-delivery touchpoints, personalized replenishment prediction, and the 12x ROI of a well-designed post-delivery engagement program.
broader: Delivery Experience & NPS

Omnichannel Fulfillment Experience
type: Concept
broader: Customer Experience & Last Mile

Omnichannel order management: unified inventory & order routing
type: Concept
definition: The 5 omnichannel fulfillment flows and unified inventory as the prerequisite that makes all of them possible.
broader: Omnichannel Fulfillment Experience

BOPIS & click-and-collect: the in-store pickup experience
type: Concept
definition: BOPIS ready time as the primary metric (target: <2 hours), the dedicated pickup area, and the 28–35% in-store uplift from BOPIS visits.
broader: Omnichannel Fulfillment Experience

Ship from Store operations & inventory accuracy for omnichannel
type: Concept
definition: Store inventory accuracy as the SFS prerequisite (target >95%), the phantom inventory problem, and the SFS fill rate and OTIF as quality KPIs.
broader: Omnichannel Fulfillment Experience

Dropship & marketplace fulfillment models
type: Concept
definition: Real-time supplier inventory integration as the solution to 15–25% overselling, contractual OTIF SLAs with penalties, and blind dropship for brand consistency.
broader: Omnichannel Fulfillment Experience

Omnichannel customer journey mapping & friction points
type: Concept
definition: NPS by journey stage, the 4 most common friction points in omnichannel journeys, and the semi-annual journey review cadence.
broader: Omnichannel Fulfillment Experience

Voice of Customer & CSAT Analytics
type: Concept
broader: Customer Experience & Last Mile

VoC program design: NPS, CSAT & CES measurement
type: Concept
definition: The 3 VoC metrics and when to use each, WhatsApp as the highest-response-rate channel in Mexico, and the segmentation by customer cohort.
broader: Voice of Customer & CSAT Analytics

Text analytics & sentiment analysis for CS interactions
type: Concept
definition: NLP-powered theme categorization of NPS comments, real-time sentiment escalation for at-risk customers, and the 100–1000x productivity improvement of text analytics.
broader: Voice of Customer & CSAT Analytics

CX root cause analysis & operational improvement loop
type: Concept
definition: The 4-stage close-the-loop process, the impact × cost prioritization matrix, and attribution of NPS improvement to specific operational changes.
broader: Voice of Customer & CSAT Analytics

Customer churn prediction & retention analytics
type: Concept
definition: The 5 behavioral and VoC signals that predict churn, the ML churn score model, and the 12x ROI of a retention program with personal contact for high-value customers.
broader: Voice of Customer & CSAT Analytics

Competitive benchmarking of CX: NPS, delivery & service metrics
type: Concept
definition: Industry NPS benchmarks, mystery shopping methodology, and the competitive gap analysis that drives the investment justification for the C-suite.
broader: Voice of Customer & CSAT Analytics

CX Governance & Supply Chain Alignment
type: Concept
broader: Customer Experience & Last Mile

CX governance: ownership, cadence & accountability
type: Concept
definition: The Director of CX with cross-functional authority, CX Champions in each operational team, the Customer Experience Committee, and the 30-minute VoC Weekly Standup.
broader: CX Governance & Supply Chain Alignment

CX-to-operations feedback loop: NPS → logistics improvement
type: Concept
definition: The weekly NPS Driver Report for the Logistics Director, automated NPS degradation alerts, and the time-to-action metric that measures whether insights become actions quickly enough.
broader: CX Governance & Supply Chain Alignment

CX cost-to-serve & the ROI of customer experience investments
type: Concept
definition: The LTV-inclusive CX ROI framework, the NPS-to-revenue attribution model, and the 16x ROI of the CX program in the CFO’s language.
broader: CX Governance & Supply Chain Alignment

CX in the S&OP: integrating customer experience into supply chain planning
type: Concept
definition: Fill rate and OTIF as leading indicators of NPS, the NPS-at-risk model for each S&OP scenario, and the cost-vs-CX trade-off that makes the $1.2M inventory investment a 7x ROI decision.
broader: CX Governance & Supply Chain Alignment

CX KPI framework: from OTIF to NPS — the supply chain CX scorecard
type: Concept
definition: The 4-level supply chain CX scorecard (promise → execution → perception → financial impact), the OTIF-NPS correlation as the predictive model, and the real-time scorecard.
broader: CX Governance & Supply Chain Alignment

Demand Management & Market Sensing
type: Concept
preferred label: Gestión de Demanda y Sensado de Mercado @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

Market Signal Capture & Sensing
type: Concept
broader: Demand Management & Market Sensing

Demand sensing: real-time signal capture from POS, IoT & digital channels
type: Concept
definition: POS daily as the highest-value demand sensing signal, weather and event correlations, and the 20–40% MAPE improvement of demand sensing vs. statistical forecasting alone.
broader: Market Signal Capture & Sensing

External data integration: weather, events, macroeconomics & social signals
type: Concept
definition: The R²>0.4 validation threshold for external variables, the seasonal demand model for temperature-sensitive categories, and the data freshness requirement for external signals.
broader: Market Signal Capture & Sensing

Retailer collaboration: POS sharing, VMI & CPFR programs
type: Concept
definition: The 4 collaboration models (transactional → POS sharing → VMI → CPFR), the VMI service level target of >98%, and the 55% MAPE improvement from retailer POS data.
broader: Market Signal Capture & Sensing

Consumer behavior analytics & social listening for demand signals
type: Concept
definition: The TikTok effect quantified, the Google Trends leading indicator (7–14 day lead time), and the emergency S&OP protocol triggered by high-impact social signals.
broader: Market Signal Capture & Sensing

Competitive intelligence & market share dynamics in demand planning
type: Concept
definition: Price elasticity cross-effects, the stockout transfer demand model, and the Nielsen/KANTAR panel as the most precise source of market share dynamics.
broader: Market Signal Capture & Sensing

AI-Driven Forecasting & Demand Intelligence
type: Concept
broader: Demand Management & Market Sensing

Statistical forecasting foundations: ETS, ARIMA & ensemble models
type: Concept
definition: ETS for trend+seasonality, Croston for intermittent demand, ensemble as the best-practice standard, and automatic model selection by SKU profile.
broader: AI-Driven Forecasting & Demand Intelligence

Machine learning forecasting: XGBoost, neural networks & gradient boosting
type: Concept
definition: 10–25% ML lift over statistical models when external variables are numerous, SHAP values for explainability, and overfitting as the #1 ML forecasting risk.
broader: AI-Driven Forecasting & Demand Intelligence

Forecast accuracy measurement: MAPE, WMAPE, bias & error decomposition
type: Concept
definition: WMAPE as the financially-correct accuracy metric, forecast bias as the highest-impact financial KPI (systematic over/underestimation), and the 3-component error decomposition.
broader: AI-Driven Forecasting & Demand Intelligence

Demand segmentation: ABC/XYZ, lifecycle & channel mix
type: Concept
definition: The 9 ABC/XYZ segments with differentiated forecasting strategies, the lifecycle dimension (launch/growth/maturity/decline), and the 80–20 focus rule for demand planning effort.
broader: AI-Driven Forecasting & Demand Intelligence

Generative AI & LLMs in demand intelligence: emerging applications
type: Concept
definition: LLM for market signal synthesis and S&OP narrative generation, the 62% reduction in S&OP preparation time, and the hallucination risk that requires human validation.
broader: AI-Driven Forecasting & Demand Intelligence

Demand Shaping & Commercial Alignment
type: Concept
broader: Demand Management & Market Sensing

Demand shaping levers: promotions, pricing & product availability
type: Concept
definition: Promotion uplift modeling (TPR 20% → demand +40–150%), the pantry loading effect, and the 6-week advance capture requirement for the commercial events calendar.
broader: Demand Shaping & Commercial Alignment

S&OP commercial alignment: sales & marketing plan integration
type: Concept
definition: The single number consensus process, the override accuracy KPI that measures whether sales adjustments improve or degrade MAPE, and the “two numbers problem” that destroys supply chain efficiency.
broader: Demand Shaping & Commercial Alignment

Price elasticity modeling & revenue management
type: Concept
definition: Own and cross-price elasticity by channel, dynamic pricing governance, and the revenue-per-unit metric that integrates the price-volume trade-off.
broader: Demand Shaping & Commercial Alignment

New product introduction (NPI) demand planning & launch forecasting
type: Concept
definition: The 4 NPI forecasting methods (analogy, Delphi, market test, Bass model), the 3-scenario framework, and the weekly review cadence in the first 12 weeks.
broader: Demand Shaping & Commercial Alignment

Demand risk management: supply constraints, allocations & backorder governance
type: Concept
definition: The 4 allocation models (pro-rata, strategic priority, historical fill rate, margin-based), the pre-defined allocation policy requirement, and the backorder resolution time KPI.
broader: Demand Shaping & Commercial Alignment

NPI Demand Planning & Launch Forecasting
type: Concept
broader: Demand Management & Market Sensing

Stage-gate demand planning for new product launches
type: Concept
definition: The forecast accuracy target by gate (±50% at G1 → ±15% at G4), the test market as the highest-ROI NPI investment, and the transition to the statistical model at 6–12 months of history.
broader: NPI Demand Planning & Launch Forecasting

Cannibalization & portfolio rationalization in demand planning
type: Concept
definition: The 3 cannibalization types, the NPI net portfolio uplift as the correct ROI metric, and the annual 3–8% portfolio rationalization rate that keeps the SKU portfolio healthy.
broader: NPI Demand Planning & Launch Forecasting

Channel fill & initial stocking for new product launches
type: Concept
definition: Channel fill vs. consumer demand decomposition, the post-launch demand vs. channel fill ratio as the early health indicator, and the 8-week advance coordination with production.
broader: NPI Demand Planning & Launch Forecasting

Discontinuation planning & end-of-life inventory management
type: Concept
definition: The EOL write-off % as the cost of poor discontinuation planning, the 12–16 week notification lead time, and the last-time-buy as the most precise signal of residual demand.
broader: NPI Demand Planning & Launch Forecasting

Market test design & demand signal validation for NPI
type: Concept
definition: The 3 market test types, the sell-through rate and repurchase rate as the most predictive NPI success signals, and the 10–40x ROI of market test investment vs. launch forecast error cost.
broader: NPI Demand Planning & Launch Forecasting

Demand Operations & Process Governance
type: Concept
broader: Demand Management & Market Sensing

Demand planning team design & skill requirements
type: Concept
definition: The demand planner of the future (statistical + ML + commercial + facilitation), the 200–400 SKUs/planner productivity benchmark with advanced tools, and the CPF certification.
broader: Demand Operations & Process Governance

Demand planning cadence: weekly, monthly & S&OP integration
type: Concept
definition: The 3-level cadence (weekly demand sensing → monthly S&OP cycle → quarterly IBP), the 4-week S&OP sequence, and the S&OP decision rate % as the process health KPI.
broader: Demand Operations & Process Governance

Demand planning system architecture & data quality
type: Concept
definition: The 4 data problems that degrade MAPE (outliers, stale hierarchy, returns distortion, stale events calendar), the data quality audit, and the 95% clean data requirement.
broader: Demand Operations & Process Governance

Forecast override management & human judgment integration
type: Concept
definition: Override accuracy by type (commercial events: 78% improve MAPE; intuitive: 28% improve), the challenge process, and the governance framework that eliminates undocumented overrides.
broader: Demand Operations & Process Governance

Demand planning KPI framework & continuous improvement
type: Concept
definition: The 4-dimension KPI framework (accuracy, process, business impact, improvement), the PDCA continuous improvement cycle, and the financial translation of MAPE into safety stock cost.
broader: Demand Operations & Process Governance

Demand-CX Link & Customer Demand Analytics
type: Concept
broader: Demand Management & Market Sensing

Customer demand patterns: segmentation & behavior analytics
type: Concept
definition: CV-based demand pattern segmentation (regular/seasonal/intermittent), the Croston migration for CV>0.7 segments, and the monthly monitoring of pattern stability changes.
broader: Demand-CX Link & Customer Demand Analytics

Demand forecasting for customer OTIF & service level commitments
type: Concept
definition: The safety stock formula as the financial bridge between MAPE and OTIF, the 8–10% inventory reduction per 5-point MAPE improvement, and the forecast-driven inventory reduction potential.
broader: Demand-CX Link & Customer Demand Analytics

Demand-driven replenishment: pull vs. push in the supply chain
type: Concept
definition: DDMRP buffer zones (red/yellow/green), the 38% DIO reduction and 86% stockout reduction from DDMRP implementation, and the complementary role of DDMRP and statistical forecasting.
broader: Demand-CX Link & Customer Demand Analytics

Demand sensing from e-commerce data & digital channels
type: Concept
definition: Add-to-cart as the lowest-latency demand signal (1–2 day lead), the R²=0.74 correlation for digital signals in high-digital-presence categories, and the Mercado Libre API for Mexico.
broader: Demand-CX Link & Customer Demand Analytics

Demand planning for omnichannel: unified demand view across channels
type: Concept
definition: The unified demand hierarchy (SKU × Channel × Region × Period), differentiated forecasting models by channel, and the channel mix forecast as the critical signal for omnichannel supply planning.
broader: Demand-CX Link & Customer Demand Analytics

Trade, Commerce & Global Ops
type: Concept
preferred label: Comercio, Comercio Exterior y Operaciones Globales @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

International Trade Compliance & Customs
type: Concept
broader: Trade, Commerce & Global Ops

Import compliance: customs classification, valuation & origin
type: Concept
definition: The 3 pillars of customs clearance, the LIGIE with 15,000+ tariff codes, and the ROI of periodic classification audits — illustrated by a $960K USD recovery from a 2-year rectification.
broader: International Trade Compliance & Customs

IMMEX & Maquiladora regime: Mexico manufacturing for export
type: Concept
definition: The IMMEX mechanics (temporary import → manufacture → export), the Anexo 24 inventory control system, and the $10.6M annual fiscal benefit of a well-managed IMMEX program.
broader: International Trade Compliance & Customs

Customs brokerage management & pedimento optimization
type: Concept
definition: The OEA certification as the highest-ROI investment in the despacho process (−63% clearance time), pre-validation 48h before arrival, and the pedimento as the legal document that closes each import/export operation.
broader: International Trade Compliance & Customs

Free Trade Agreements: TMEC, USMCA & preferential tariff management
type: Concept
definition: The rules of origin for the TMEC, the certificate of origin that enables the 0% tariff, and the FTA utilization rate as the KPI that quantifies how much tariff saving the company is leaving on the table.
broader: International Trade Compliance & Customs

Trade compliance audit, C-TPAT & OEA certification
type: Concept
definition: The 3-pillar compliance audit (classification, valuation, NTR), the mutual recognition between C-TPAT and OEA, and the 1.4× first-year ROI of the OEA certification.
broader: International Trade Compliance & Customs

Export Controls & Dual-Use Regulations
type: Concept
broader: Trade, Commerce & Global Ops

ITAR & EAR: US export control fundamentals for global supply chains
type: Concept
definition: ITAR (USML) vs. EAR (CCL) distinctions, the 25% de minimis rule that affects non-US manufacturers using US components, and the $1M USD per violation penalty that makes voluntary disclosure the rational response.
broader: Export Controls & Dual-Use Regulations

Sanctioned party screening & denied party lists management
type: Concept
definition: The OFAC SDN List, BIS Entity List, and EU Restrictive Measures — the monthly automated screening requirement, false positive management, and the 3 real hits detected in 6 months of operation.
broader: Export Controls & Dual-Use Regulations

Technology transfer controls & deemed exports
type: Concept
definition: The deemed export concept (sharing controlled technical data with foreign nationals in the US = export to their home country), DRM for controlled technical data, and the $76M USD risk exposure of 76 unauthorized ITAR accesses.
broader: Export Controls & Dual-Use Regulations

Supply chain due diligence: end-user verification & red flags
type: Concept
definition: The BIS red flag indicators, the End-User Certificate (EUC) as the due diligence document, and the shell company detection that prevented a $2.4M USD transaction with a diversion scheme.
broader: Export Controls & Dual-Use Regulations

Export control program design: ECPs, training & penalty mitigation
type: Concept
definition: The 9 elements of a mature ECP, voluntary disclosure as the rational response to discovered violations (25–50% vs. 100% penalties), and the Export Control Officer authority requirement.
broader: Export Controls & Dual-Use Regulations

Global Trade Management & Documentation
type: Concept
broader: Trade, Commerce & Global Ops

International commercial documents: invoice, packing list & bill of lading
type: Concept
definition: The consistency requirement across all trade documents (1 kg discrepancy = customs examination), Incoterms 2020 optimization (DDP markup of 18–22% hidden in the price), and the 11% cost reduction from Incoterm review.
broader: Global Trade Management & Documentation

Letter of credit & trade finance instruments
type: Concept
definition: LC vs. documentary collection vs. open account risk-cost tradeoff, the LC discrepancy rate as the key compliance metric, and Supply Chain Finance (SCF) as the tool that lets vendors get paid in 15 days while buyers pay in 90.
broader: Global Trade Management & Documentation

Incoterms optimization & cost-to-land calculation
type: Concept
definition: The 10 components of the landed cost, Mexico vs. Asia cost-to-land comparison (Mexico wins when Section 301 tariffs are included), and the capital-in-transit cost that most teams forget to include.
broader: Global Trade Management & Documentation

Global Trade Management (GTM) systems: SAP GTS, Oracle GTM & platforms
type: Concept
definition: SAP GTS as the end-to-end GTM for SAP ERP users, the 70% automation rate target, and the 1.6× first-year ROI of a well-implemented GTM system.
broader: Global Trade Management & Documentation

Trade data analytics: import/export KPI dashboards & compliance reporting
type: Concept
definition: The FTA utilization gap ($480K USD left on the table), document accuracy rate as the leading indicator of clearance delays, and the SAT valuation benchmark comparison for audit risk management.
broader: Global Trade Management & Documentation

Cross-Border Logistics & Customs Brokerage
type: Concept
broader: Trade, Commerce & Global Ops

Mexico-US border operations: FAST lanes, pre-clearance & C-TPAT
type: Concept
definition: The FAST + OEA + pre-clearance combination that cuts crossing time from 3.8 to 0.9 hours, the secondary inspection rate as the compliance health metric, and the JIT production impact of border delays.
broader: Cross-Border Logistics & Customs Brokerage

Nearshoring logistics: supply chain configuration for Mexico-based manufacturing
type: Concept
definition: The 4 industrial clusters of Mexico nearshoring, the IMMEX + FAST + TMEC configuration for the optimal Mexico-US supply chain, and the 2.8-day lead time from Monterrey to Ohio.
broader: Cross-Border Logistics & Customs Brokerage

Multimodal cross-border transport: sea, air, rail & road optimization
type: Concept
definition: The capital-in-transit cost that makes air freight economical for high-value products, the underutilized rail intermodal option (CDMX-Chicago in 8–12 days at 40–60% of truck cost), and the modal shift that saved $1.8M USD/year.
broader: Cross-Border Logistics & Customs Brokerage

Cross-border e-commerce logistics: de minimis, Section 321 & last mile
type: Concept
definition: Section 321 as the economic foundation of Mexico-to-US e-commerce (0% tariff, simplified Entry Type 86 for <$800 USD), the 71% logistics cost reduction from mass consolidation, and the legislative risk monitoring requirement.
broader: Cross-Border Logistics & Customs Brokerage

Cold chain cross-border: temperature-controlled international logistics
type: Concept
definition: The border wait time as the #1 cold chain risk (11.2°C vs. 7°C target at crossing), USDA pre-clearance in origin to eliminate border inspection, and the 3.8× ROI of cold chain optimization for fresh produce exporters.
broader: Cross-Border Logistics & Customs Brokerage

Free Trade Zones, Bonded Warehouses & Nearshoring
type: Concept
broader: Trade, Commerce & Global Ops

Free Trade Zones: strategic location, benefits & operations
type: Concept
definition: Jebel Ali as the LATAM distribution hub case study, the postponement strategy that reduces by-country inventory 42%, and the FTZ inventory turnover as the ROI health metric.
broader: Free Trade Zones, Bonded Warehouses & Nearshoring

Bonded warehouses & in-bond transport in Mexico
type: Concept
definition: The depósito fiscal ROI calculation (aranceles diferidos × WACC × días), the Recinto Fiscalizado Estratégico as the highest-benefit Mexican regime, and the 2–4 year maximum permanence period.
broader: Free Trade Zones, Bonded Warehouses & Nearshoring

PROSEC & sector-specific tariff reduction programs in Mexico
type: Concept
definition: The PROSEC sectors (automotriz 0–5%, electrónica 0%, maquinaria 0–5%), the PROSEC vs. IMMEX decision framework, and the 224× first-year ROI of a $315K USD annual saving on a $42K MXN registration investment.
broader: Free Trade Zones, Bonded Warehouses & Nearshoring

Supply chain risk diversification: China+1 & multi-sourcing strategies
type: Concept
definition: The 70/30 split as the optimal multi-sourcing balance, Mexico as the TMEC-advantaged +1 for the US market, and the supply concentration index as the geopolitical risk KPI.
broader: Free Trade Zones, Bonded Warehouses & Nearshoring

Industrial parks & special economic zones for manufacturing in Mexico
type: Concept
definition: The 4 Mexican industrial clusters (Monterrey, Bajío, Baja California, Juárez), the workforce scarcity constraint of the 2024–2026 nearshoring boom, and the multi-criteria location scoring framework.
broader: Free Trade Zones, Bonded Warehouses & Nearshoring

Tariffs, Trade Policy & Geopolitical Risk
type: Concept
broader: Trade, Commerce & Global Ops

Section 301 tariffs, trade wars & supply chain restructuring
type: Concept
definition: The 25% Section 301 tariffs on Chinese imports, the 13.5-month payback on the $40.7M mitigation investment, and why transshipment is fraud (not a strategy).
broader: Tariffs, Trade Policy & Geopolitical Risk

Antidumping & countervailing duties: detection, compliance & response
type: Concept
definition: AD+CVD rates of up to 269% on Chinese steel, the voluntary disclosure as the rational response to discovered omissions (55% → 20% penalty reduction), and the mandatory pre-pedimento AD/CVD check.
broader: Tariffs, Trade Policy & Geopolitical Risk

Geopolitical risk in supply chains: Taiwan, Russia-Ukraine & emerging tensions
type: Concept
definition: The Taiwan Strait semiconductor concentration risk (TSMC = 90% of advanced chips), the Red Sea crisis that added 12–14 days to transit, and the $12M investment that mitigated $180M of revenue at risk.
broader: Tariffs, Trade Policy & Geopolitical Risk

Trade policy monitoring: USMCA reviews, tariff changes & regulatory updates
type: Concept
definition: The USMCA 2026 review and its automotriz implications (75%→80% regional content), the already-in-non-compliance steel/aluminum threshold, and the 30-day advance detection target.
broader: Tariffs, Trade Policy & Geopolitical Risk

Supply chain resilience: tariff-proofing, redundancy & agility design
type: Concept
definition: The <90-day agility score as the resilience target, the pre-qualified alternative supplier as the highest-ROI tariff-proofing investment, and the modular product design principle for maximum origin flexibility.
broader: Tariffs, Trade Policy & Geopolitical Risk

AI, Data & Advanced Analytics
type: Concept
preferred label: IA, Datos y Análitica Avanzada @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

Supply Chain Data Architecture & Infrastructure
type: Concept
broader: AI, Data & Advanced Analytics

Data lakes, data warehouses & lakehouse architecture for supply chain
type: Concept
definition: Lakehouse as the dominant 2025 paradigm (Delta Lake/Databricks), data freshness SLAs by use case, and the unified pipeline that reduced forecast MAPE from 22% to 16% by enabling real-time POS data.
broader: Supply Chain Data Architecture & Infrastructure

Real-time data streaming: Kafka, event-driven supply chains & IoT integration
type: Concept
definition: Apache Kafka as the event streaming standard, cold chain temperature alert in <2 minutes vs. 4-hour batch delay, and the 67% reduction in irreversible temperature excursions.
broader: Supply Chain Data Architecture & Infrastructure

API integration strategy: connecting ERP, WMS, TMS & external systems
type: Concept
definition: REST vs. EDI vs. event-driven integration, the API catalog as the prerequisite of reuse, and the OTIF improvement from ASN latency reduction from 24h to 5 minutes.
broader: Supply Chain Data Architecture & Infrastructure

Cloud vs. on-premise for supply chain data: migration & TCO analysis
type: Concept
definition: Snowflake vs. Oracle Exadata TCO ($180K vs. $1.08M/year), cloud cost management requirements, and 4-week deployment speed as the key cloud advantage.
broader: Supply Chain Data Architecture & Infrastructure

Data security, privacy & compliance in supply chain data platforms
type: Concept
definition: GDPR/LFPDPPP requirements, RBAC from day 1, dynamic data masking for personal data in dev/test, and the audit log as the compliance evidence.
broader: Supply Chain Data Architecture & Infrastructure

Master Data Management & Data Governance
type: Concept
broader: AI, Data & Advanced Analytics

Product master data: SKU hierarchy, attributes & lifecycle management
type: Concept
definition: The 4 most costly master data problems and the $180K/year freight overpayment from incorrect weights.
broader: Master Data Management & Data Governance

Customer & supplier master data: golden records & deduplication
type: Concept
definition: The 15% duplicate rate in supplier master data and its impact on spend analytics, and the golden record as the canonical source of truth.
broader: Master Data Management & Data Governance

Data governance framework: ownership, stewardship & quality rules
type: Concept
definition: The 4 data roles (Owner/Steward/Consumer/Engineer), the monthly Data Quality Scorecard, and the 75% reduction in data quality operational costs.
broader: Master Data Management & Data Governance

GS1 standards, GTIN & supply chain data interoperability
type: Concept
definition: GTIN/GLN/SSCC/EPCIS as the global supply chain language and the 38% sales lift from fixing missing product images via GDSN.
broader: Master Data Management & Data Governance

Data catalog & business glossary: making supply chain data discoverable
type: Concept
definition: The business glossary as the lowest-cost, highest-impact investment in supply chain analytics, and reducing analytics prep time from 35% to 8%.
broader: Master Data Management & Data Governance

ML & Predictive Analytics in Supply Chain
type: Concept
broader: AI, Data & Advanced Analytics

Predictive maintenance: ML models for asset failure prediction
type: Concept
definition: Anomaly detection for bearing degradation 3–4 weeks before failure, the 2.8× first-year ROI of PdM implementation.
broader: ML & Predictive Analytics in Supply Chain

Route optimization ML: dynamic routing, time windows & multi-depot
type: Concept
definition: The 23% distance reduction and 29pp OTIF improvement from ML-optimized routes, and ETA prediction accuracy as the customer experience metric.
broader: ML & Predictive Analytics in Supply Chain

Supplier risk scoring: ML models for supply chain risk intelligence
type: Concept
definition: 5 risk signal categories, the 65% predictive accuracy target, and $1.8M USD in avoided production stoppages.
broader: ML & Predictive Analytics in Supply Chain

Demand forecasting with ML: external signals, NLP & ensemble methods
type: Concept
definition: The statistical+ML ensemble as the 2025 best practice, SHAP values for explainability, and the 32% MAPE improvement.
broader: ML & Predictive Analytics in Supply Chain

Prescriptive analytics & optimization: from prediction to action
type: Concept
definition: Safety stock optimization that simultaneously reduced capital by $13.4M MXN and stockout rate by 56%, and the 70% adoption rate target.
broader: ML & Predictive Analytics in Supply Chain

Data Visualization, Dashboards & Decision Support
type: Concept
broader: AI, Data & Advanced Analytics

Supply chain control towers: real-time visibility dashboards
type: Concept
definition: Exception-based alerting vs. reporting dashboards, the 30-minute alert response time target, and the 42% WISMO reduction from proactive delay notifications.
broader: Data Visualization, Dashboards & Decision Support

KPI dashboard design: principles, hierarchy & storytelling with data
type: Concept
definition: The 3-level dashboard pyramid (executive/managerial/operational), the 10–15 KPI maximum, and time-to-insight as the usability metric.
broader: Data Visualization, Dashboards & Decision Support

Advanced analytics for supply chain: network maps, heatmaps & Sankey diagrams
type: Concept
definition: Network maps as the highest-impact one-time analysis in logistics network design and the 3 insights in 1 hour that 3 years of tabular reports never surfaced.
broader: Data Visualization, Dashboards & Decision Support

Self-service analytics: enabling business users with data without IT dependency
type: Concept
definition: The 4-level self-service maturity model, data catalog + business glossary as prerequisites, and the 3-week to 2-day analytics backlog reduction.
broader: Data Visualization, Dashboards & Decision Support

Embedded analytics & AI copilots in supply chain applications
type: Concept
definition: SAP Joule and O9 AI copilot for S&OP narrative generation, the 62% S&OP preparation time reduction, and the human-in-the-loop validation requirement.
broader: Data Visualization, Dashboards & Decision Support

AI Tools & Platforms for Supply Chain
type: Concept
broader: AI, Data & Advanced Analytics

AI platform selection: build vs. buy for supply chain AI applications
type: Concept
definition: The decision framework, the proprietary data advantage that tips the balance toward build, and the 12% vs. 16% MAPE advantage of locally-trained models.
broader: AI Tools & Platforms for Supply Chain

MLOps for supply chain: model versioning, monitoring & retraining pipelines
type: Concept
definition: Model drift as the silent killer (22% MAPE after 6 months unmonitored), MLflow for versioning, and the 7-day detection target with automated monitoring.
broader: AI Tools & Platforms for Supply Chain

Natural language processing (NLP) for supply chain: contract analysis & risk signals
type: Concept
definition: Contract analysis at 5 minutes vs. 8 hours, 142 force majeure gaps found in 2 days, and the 4,000-hour productivity saving across 500 contracts.
broader: AI Tools & Platforms for Supply Chain

Computer vision in supply chain: quality inspection, OCR & warehouse automation
type: Concept
definition: 99.2% defect detection vs. 72% human inspection, the 2.1× first-year ROI, and YOLO v8 as the real-time detection standard.
broader: AI Tools & Platforms for Supply Chain

Responsible AI in supply chain: bias, explainability & governance
type: Concept
definition: The 24% size bias in supplier scoring, SHAP values as the explainability standard, and the adoption rate jump from 38% to 74% after the bias correction.
broader: AI Tools & Platforms for Supply Chain

Analytics-Driven Operations & Continuous Improvement
type: Concept
broader: AI, Data & Advanced Analytics

Data-driven culture: from gut-feel to evidence-based decisions in supply chain
type: Concept
definition: The 5-level maturity model, data literacy as the prerequisite, and the 68% data-driven decision rate achieved in 12 months with the data champion program.
broader: Analytics-Driven Operations & Continuous Improvement

A/B testing & experimentation in supply chain: validating operational changes
type: Concept
definition: The causal proof advantage of A/B testing over historical analysis, the 4–8 week minimum experiment duration, and the $42K MXN test that saved $0.80/order × all CDMX volume.
broader: Analytics-Driven Operations & Continuous Improvement

Six Sigma & DMAIC with data analytics: process improvement in the digital age
type: Concept
definition: DMAIC in 3 weeks vs. 6 months with lakehouse data, Random Forest as the root cause analysis tool, and the 31% picking time reduction.
broader: Analytics-Driven Operations & Continuous Improvement

Digital twin for supply chain simulation & scenario planning
type: Concept
definition: The 4 major use cases, the 30-minute simulation time target, and the 10% calibration accuracy requirement for decision-grade predictions.
broader: Analytics-Driven Operations & Continuous Improvement

Analytics ROI measurement: quantifying the value of data & AI in supply chain
type: Concept
definition: The 4-dimension ROI framework, the 5.4× total program ROI, and how to present analytics as a capital investment to the CFO before budget season.
broader: Analytics-Driven Operations & Continuous Improvement

Autonomous SC & AI Agents
type: Concept
preferred label: SC Autónoma e Agentes IA @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

AI Agent Architecture & Design in Supply Chain
type: Concept
broader: Autonomous SC & AI Agents

What is an AI agent? Anatomy of autonomous supply chain agents
type: Concept
definition: The 4 components of every supply chain agent (sensors, reasoning model, action policy, actuators), the 4-level autonomy spectrum, and the PO cycle time reduction from 4.2 days to 18 hours with a Level 2 agent.
broader: AI Agent Architecture & Design in Supply Chain

LLM-powered agents: tool use, memory & reasoning in supply chain contexts
type: Concept
definition: LLM agents with tool use (ERP APIs, WMS queries, PO generation) as the 2025 standard, the hallucination rate as the key quality metric, and the 70% S&OP preparation time reduction.
broader: AI Agent Architecture & Design in Supply Chain

Agent design patterns: reactive, deliberative & hybrid architectures
type: Concept
definition: Reactive agents for high-frequency simple decisions, deliberative agents for complex planning, and the hybrid architecture that reduced stockout rate from 4.2% to 0.8% with a 3-layer subsumption design.
broader: AI Agent Architecture & Design in Supply Chain

Agent evaluation frameworks: testing, red-teaming & performance benchmarking
type: Concept
definition: Backtesting + red-teaming + shadow mode as the 3-phase evaluation protocol, and the $420K MXN in avoided losses from the failure modes detected before production deployment.
broader: AI Agent Architecture & Design in Supply Chain

Agent deployment patterns: edge, cloud & hybrid for supply chain operations
type: Concept
definition: Edge deployment for sub-50ms latency and offline availability, cloud deployment for LLM reasoning, and the hybrid pattern that achieved 100% temperature excursion detection including offline zones.
broader: AI Agent Architecture & Design in Supply Chain

AVC Theorem & Fundamental Limits of Autonomous SC
type: Concept
broader: Autonomous SC & AI Agents

The AVC Theorem: Autonomy-Veracity-Coordination trilemma in AI supply chains
type: Concept
definition: The formal statement ∀S: ¬(A(S) ∧ V(S) ∧ C(S)), the 3 projections of the trilemma, and the 3 design changes generated by the AVC analysis of a 4-agent FMCG system.
broader: AVC Theorem & Fundamental Limits of Autonomous SC

Veracity constraints: information completeness & latency in autonomous agents
type: Concept
definition: The 4 types of Veracity failure (latency, incompleteness, incorrectness, asymmetry), the Epistemic Degradation Function (EDF), and how 77% of agent overrides were caused by Veracity failures — not model failures.
broader: AVC Theorem & Fundamental Limits of Autonomous SC

Coordination failures in multi-agent supply chains: emergent conflicts
type: Concept
definition: The 4 patterns of Coordination failure (objective conflict, resource contention, information cascade, goal misalignment), the $1.2M MXN damage from uncoordinated agents, and the 3 coordination mechanisms that resolved them.
broader: AVC Theorem & Fundamental Limits of Autonomous SC

Autonomy boundaries: when AI agents should defer to human judgment
type: Concept
definition: The 5 deferral conditions (novelty, high stakes, conflicting signals, low confidence, external events), the deferral accuracy as the calibration metric, and the reduction of override rate from 28% to 6% with well-designed deferral mechanisms.
broader: AVC Theorem & Fundamental Limits of Autonomous SC

AVC in practice: case studies of autonomous supply chain failures & lessons
type: Concept
definition: The Amazon pricing bot flash crash (A+V without C), the 2022 retail inventory overstock (A+C without V), and the automotive scheduling-logistics conflict (Coordination failure) — all analyzed through the AVC framework to generate generalizable design lessons.
broader: AVC Theorem & Fundamental Limits of Autonomous SC

Autonomous Execution: Reorder, Dispatch & Fulfillment Agents
type: Concept
broader: Autonomous SC & AI Agents

Autonomous reorder agents: dynamic safety stock & PO generation
type: Concept
definition: The 5-component reorder agent architecture, the 81% stockout rate reduction, and the $14.2M MXN capital liberation from DIO reduction.
broader: Autonomous Execution: Reorder, Dispatch & Fulfillment Agents

Autonomous dispatch agents: dynamic carrier selection & route assignment
type: Concept
definition: Carrier scoring based on OTIF-by-route (not global OTIF), the 17% freight cost reduction, the 15pp OTIF improvement, and the AVC Veracity failure from stale capacity data.
broader: Autonomous Execution: Reorder, Dispatch & Fulfillment Agents

Warehouse execution agents: autonomous picking, slotting & replenishment
type: Concept
definition: Dynamic slotting agent that recalculates weekly using rotation patterns, the 40% throughput improvement equivalent to 9 additional pickers, and the 33% picking distance reduction.
broader: Autonomous Execution: Reorder, Dispatch & Fulfillment Agents

Autonomous procurement agents: supplier negotiations & contract management
type: Concept
definition: Automated RFQ for Category C items, PO confirmation monitoring with 48h/72h escalation, and the 8.4% average savings on automatically tendered items.
broader: Autonomous Execution: Reorder, Dispatch & Fulfillment Agents

Customer fulfillment agents: order promising, exception management & NPS
type: Concept
definition: Real-time CTP as the foundation of correct order promising, the 66% WISMO reduction, the +16 NPS points from proactive delay notification, and the $420K MXN/year CS cost reduction.
broader: Autonomous Execution: Reorder, Dispatch & Fulfillment Agents

Multi-Agent Systems & Orchestration
type: Concept
broader: Autonomous SC & AI Agents

Orchestration patterns: conductor, peer-to-peer & market mechanisms
type: Concept
definition: The 3 orchestration patterns matched to the degree of agent interdependence, and the inter-agent conflict rate reduction from 8.4% to 1.2% with differentiated orchestration.
broader: Multi-Agent Systems & Orchestration

Emergent intelligence: when multi-agent systems outperform individual agents
type: Concept
definition: The 3 types of emergent intelligence (specialization, collective adaptation, robustness by redundancy), and the coordinated disruption response that saved $1.2M MXN.
broader: Multi-Agent Systems & Orchestration

Human-machine teaming: optimal autonomy allocation in hybrid agent systems
type: Concept
definition: The 4-level human-machine teaming maturity model, the 58% routine work liberation from an 8-person supply chain team, and the Human Value-Add Time % as the teaming maturity KPI.
broader: Multi-Agent Systems & Orchestration

Agent communication protocols: A2A, function calling & shared state
type: Concept
definition: The 4 A2A mechanisms matched to communication frequency and urgency, and the Google A2A protocol as the 2025 interoperability standard.
broader: Multi-Agent Systems & Orchestration

Scaling multi-agent systems: from 3 agents to 50 agents in production
type: Concept
definition: The coordination explosion problem (3 agents = 3 pairs; 50 agents = 1,225 pairs), the hierarchical agent organization as the only scalable orchestration pattern, and the automated governance prerequisite for scaling beyond 8 agents.
broader: Multi-Agent Systems & Orchestration

AI Agent Governance, Oversight & Risk Management
type: Concept
broader: Autonomous SC & AI Agents

AI agent governance frameworks: policies, controls & accountability
type: Concept
definition: The 5 governance pillars (authorization policy, accountability, auditability, override mechanisms, continuous monitoring), and the $3M MXN risk eliminated by the formal authorization policy in the first month.
broader: AI Agent Governance, Oversight & Risk Management

Agent risk taxonomy: operational, financial, legal & reputational risks
type: Concept
definition: The 4-type risk taxonomy plus the velocity-of-propagation dimension that amplifies agent risks vs. human decision risks, and the 3 controls that prevented the pricing agent disaster scenarios.
broader: AI Agent Governance, Oversight & Risk Management

Regulatory landscape for autonomous supply chain AI: EU AI Act & NIST RMF
type: Concept
definition: The EU AI Act risk categories for supply chain agents, the warehouse scheduling agent as the most common “high risk” category, and the NIST AI RMF as the compliance framework most compatible with the EU AI Act.
broader: AI Agent Governance, Oversight & Risk Management

Agent incident response: detection, containment & recovery protocols
type: Concept
definition: The 4-phase incident response protocol (detection, containment, root cause analysis, recovery), the override rate as the earliest silent failure signal, and the $280K MXN in duplicate POs avoided by the 47-minute containment.
broader: AI Agent Governance, Oversight & Risk Management

Agent performance KPIs: measuring value, accuracy & safety in production
type: Concept
definition: The 3-dimension KPI framework (value, precision, governance), the Agent Value Creation Index as the C-suite ROI metric, and the monthly Agent Owner review cycle as the continuous improvement mechanism.
broader: AI Agent Governance, Oversight & Risk Management

Emergent Behavior, Opacity & Supply Chain Resilience
type: Concept
broader: Autonomous SC & AI Agents

Emergent opacity: the AVC consequence that accumulates invisibly
type: Concept
definition: The Epistemic Degradation Function (EDF), the Opacity Accumulation Theorem (opacity grows as the square of high-autonomy agents), and the drop from 85% to 42% of explainable decisions when scaling from 1 to 4 agents.
broader: Emergent Behavior, Opacity & Supply Chain Resilience

Resilience-opacity tradeoff: designing for robustness without losing control
type: Concept
definition: The Resilience-Opacity Tradeoff Frontier (ROTF) as the Pareto frontier of multi-agent system design, the pharmaceutical vs. FMCG design point comparison, and the Resilience-Opacity Ratio as the system health metric.
broader: Emergent Behavior, Opacity & Supply Chain Resilience

Adaptive supply chains: agents that learn from disruptions & self-heal
type: Concept
definition: The 4-cycle learning loop (detection, adaptive response, learning, adaptation), the disruption response improvement from 4.2 to 0.8 days and fill rate from 72% to 91% between the first and second disruption of the same type.
broader: Emergent Behavior, Opacity & Supply Chain Resilience

Unintended emergent behaviors: when multi-agent systems surprise their designers
type: Concept
definition: The 4 unintended emergent behavior types (resonance cascade, deadlock, wrong objective optimization, synchronization failure), the resonance cascade that dropped the SKU A price 34% in 20 hours, and the circuit breaker as the primary prevention mechanism.
broader: Emergent Behavior, Opacity & Supply Chain Resilience

The future of autonomous supply chains: from agentic AI to AGI-ready operations
type: Concept
definition: The 5-level autonomous supply chain maturity map (2020-2035), the AVC Theorem as the enduring compass for AGI-ready system design, and the irreplaceable role of human judgment in the era of autonomous supply chain AI.
broader: Emergent Behavior, Opacity & Supply Chain Resilience

Hyperautomation & Robotics
type: Concept
preferred label: Automatización, Integración y Robótica @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

RPA & Process Automation in Supply Chain
type: Concept
broader: Hyperautomation & Robotics

RPA fundamentals: bots for invoice processing, PO matching & data entry
type: Concept
definition: $2.2M MXN/year savings from AP automation at 4.2-month payback. 78% straight-through processing rate benchmark.
broader: RPA & Process Automation in Supply Chain

Intelligent document processing: OCR + AI for unstructured supply chain documents
type: Concept
definition: 92% extraction accuracy across 28 invoice formats. 78% reduction in document processing time.
broader: RPA & Process Automation in Supply Chain

Process mining: discovering automation opportunities in supply chain workflows
type: Concept
definition: 3 weeks of analysis vs. 4–6 months traditional. Revealed $4.8M MXN/year in automation opportunities.
broader: RPA & Process Automation in Supply Chain

Hyperautomation strategy: combining RPA, AI & low-code for end-to-end automation
type: Concept
definition: 3-wave program delivers $5.2M MXN/year at 1.4× ROI. Process mining first, then RPA quick wins, then AI.
broader: RPA & Process Automation in Supply Chain

RPA governance: bot lifecycle management, error handling & change management
type: Concept
definition: Bot Portfolio Health Score and Bot Owner accountability. Production incidents: 6/semester to 0.
broader: RPA & Process Automation in Supply Chain

Robotics in Warehousing & Manufacturing
type: Concept
broader: Hyperautomation & Robotics

Warehouse robotics: AS/RS, conveyors & automated storage systems
type: Concept
definition: Mini-Load AS/RS: 80× fewer picking errors, 3.9× picking speed, 67% space reduction. 4–7 year payback for well-designed urban CEDIS.
broader: Robotics in Warehousing & Manufacturing

Picking robots: piece picking automation & goods-to-person systems
type: Concept
definition: GTP AMRs deliver 2–3× picker productivity. AI-powered picking robots achieve >80% SKU coverage with computer vision.
broader: Robotics in Warehousing & Manufacturing

Manufacturing robotics: collaborative arms, welding & assembly automation
type: Concept
definition: SMT assembly robots: 11.7× throughput, 150× fewer defects, 2.8-year payback. OEE >85% is the target.
broader: Robotics in Warehousing & Manufacturing

Robotic depalletizing & sortation in physical supply chain
type: Concept
definition: Robotic palletizing: 10× throughput, 95% reduction in pallet rejection rate, 2.1-year payback. WMS integration is the key enabler.
broader: Robotics in Warehousing & Manufacturing

ROI of warehouse automation: total cost of ownership & payback analysis
type: Concept
definition: 15–30% annual ROI, 2–5 year payback for well-designed projects. Picking error cost is the most underestimated benefit.
broader: Robotics in Warehousing & Manufacturing

AMRs & Mobile Automation
type: Concept
broader: Hyperautomation & Robotics

AMRs vs. AGVs: autonomous mobile robots for warehouse navigation
type: Concept
definition: GTP AMRs deliver 2.7× picker productivity. Fleet scales in 2 hours for peak demand vs. 3 weeks to hire workers.
broader: AMRs & Mobile Automation

Fleet management systems: orchestrating robot fleets in dynamic environments
type: Concept
definition: FMS optimization improved fleet utilization from 52% to 82% — equivalent to 7–10 additional AMRs without hardware investment.
broader: AMRs & Mobile Automation

Last-mile robotics: delivery robots, drones & autonomous delivery vehicles
type: Concept
definition: Drones: 7.6× faster, 77% cheaper, 33% more successful for rural pharma delivery. AFAC regulatory compliance is the key go/no-go factor.
broader: AMRs & Mobile Automation

Autonomous forklifts & yard management: automated outdoor material handling
type: Concept
definition: Automated YMS reduces truck cycle time 38% and eliminates $480K MXN/year in carrier detention fees without physical automation investment.
broader: AMRs & Mobile Automation

AMR safety standards: ISO 3691-4, human-robot coexistence & safety systems
type: Concept
definition: ISO 3691-4 certification by external specialist is mandatory before AMR go-live. 0 human-robot incidents in 18 months with correct implementation.
broader: AMRs & Mobile Automation

Collaborative Robots (Cobots) & Human-Robot Teaming
type: Concept
broader: Hyperautomation & Robotics

Cobot fundamentals: collaborative robot platforms & programming
type: Concept
definition: UR10 cobot: −37% packing cost, 0 MSK injuries in 18 months, 2.4-year payback. Demonstration programming enables 30-minute task changeover.
broader: Collaborative Robots (Cobots) & Human-Robot Teaming

Human-robot teaming in operations: task allocation & skill complementarity
type: Concept
definition: 99.8% inspection accuracy with 3.2× speed vs. human-only. Handoff time <5 seconds is the throughput KPI.
broader: Collaborative Robots (Cobots) & Human-Robot Teaming

Cobot applications: packaging, palletizing & flexible assembly
type: Concept
definition: Flexible palletizing: <2 min changeover (vs. 35 min manual), 99.6% pallet conformance, 2.6-year payback.
broader: Collaborative Robots (Cobots) & Human-Robot Teaming

Cobot safety standards: ISO/TS 15066 & power and force limiting
type: Concept
definition: ISO/TS 15066 defines 4 collaboration modes. PFL contact force must be measured with certified force gauge. External audit is mandatory before go-live.
broader: Collaborative Robots (Cobots) & Human-Robot Teaming

Cobot ROI & adoption: change management for human-robot teaming
type: Concept
definition: Town hall 8 weeks before arrival + operator ambassador program = 94% adoption rate in month 3. Retain 100% of operators and actively redirect freed time.
broader: Collaborative Robots (Cobots) & Human-Robot Teaming

IoT, Sensors & Connected Operations
type: Concept
broader: Hyperautomation & Robotics

Industrial IoT architecture: sensors, gateways & cloud connectivity in supply chain
type: Concept
definition: 4-layer IIoT architecture. 18 cold-chain shipments saved = $4.8M MXN avoided losses in first 6 months.
broader: IoT, Sensors & Connected Operations

RFID & barcode systems: inventory accuracy & real-time location tracking
type: Concept
definition: RFID: 280 items per pallet in 8 seconds. Inventory accuracy 99.6% vs. 94.2% with barcode scanning.
broader: IoT, Sensors & Connected Operations

Cold chain IoT monitoring: temperature sensors, data loggers & FDA compliance
type: Concept
definition: FDA 21 CFR Part 11 compliance. 100% cold chain compliance rate is non-negotiable for pharma export to USA.
broader: IoT, Sensors & Connected Operations

Asset tracking & smart inventory: real-time location in warehouses & yards
type: Concept
definition: UWB tracking: 8 min to 1.2 min to locate forklifts. Fleet utilization improved from 62% to 78%.
broader: IoT, Sensors & Connected Operations

Connected vehicles: telematics, ELD compliance & real-time fleet visibility
type: Concept
definition: Dynamic ETA reduces WISMO contacts 35–50%. Driver behavior monitoring cuts fuel consumption 8–15%.
broader: IoT, Sensors & Connected Operations

Hyperautomation Governance & ROI Framework
type: Concept
broader: Hyperautomation & Robotics

Automation portfolio management: balancing RPA, AI & robotics investments
type: Concept
definition: 2×2 portfolio matrix (ROI vs. Implementation Complexity). Balance quick wins with strategic investments across the full automation stack.
broader: Hyperautomation Governance & ROI Framework

Change management for hyperautomation: workforce transformation & reskilling
type: Concept
definition: Proactive communication 8+ weeks before go-live. Reskilling programs for employees whose tasks are automated.
broader: Hyperautomation Governance & ROI Framework

Automation ROI measurement: from task savings to business value
type: Concept
definition: 4-dimension ROI: direct cost reduction + productivity improvement + quality improvement + strategic enablement.
broader: Hyperautomation Governance & ROI Framework

Automation governance: CoE model, standards & technology lifecycle
type: Concept
definition: Automation CoE accelerates delivery 2–3× vs. ad-hoc implementation. Intake process, naming standards, and bot retirement criteria.
broader: Hyperautomation Governance & ROI Framework

Hyperautomation maturity model: from isolated RPA to intelligent operations
type: Concept
definition: 5-level maturity model. Most organizations in 2025 are at Level 2–3. AI agent governance is the bridge to Level 4.
broader: Hyperautomation Governance & ROI Framework

Digital Integration & Platforms
type: Concept
preferred label: Integración Digital y Plataformas @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

ERP & Core SC Systems Integration
type: Concept
broader: Digital Integration & Platforms

ERP selection & implementation for supply chain: S/4HANA, Oracle & Microsoft Dynamics
type: Concept
definition: SAP S/4HANA ATP from 4.2h to <2 min. ERP data latency <5 min target. Adoption rate >85% signals a healthy go-live.
broader: ERP & Core SC Systems Integration

ERP-to-ERP integration: multi-company, multi-country & M&A scenarios
type: Concept
definition: Hub-and-spoke iPaaS scales better than point-to-point beyond 3 ERPs. Inter-company order cycle time: 8.2 to 4.1 days target.
broader: ERP & Core SC Systems Integration

Master data management (MDM) for supply chain: items, vendors & customers
type: Concept
definition: 22% of items had incorrect lead times — fixing them reduced stockout rate 75%. Master data completeness >95% is the benchmark.
broader: ERP & Core SC Systems Integration

APS & supply chain planning systems: from ERP-native to best-of-breed
type: Concept
definition: o9 Solutions: MAPE 42% to 28%, S&OP cycle 22 to 8 days, fill rate +5.6 pp = $8.4M MXN additional revenue.
broader: ERP & Core SC Systems Integration

Data architecture for supply chain: data lakes, APIs & real-time integration
type: Concept
definition: Data Lakehouse (Databricks/Snowflake) + API layer + Kafka event streaming. Supply chain data freshness <5 min for operational decisions.
broader: ERP & Core SC Systems Integration

API-First SC Integration & Middleware
type: Concept
broader: Digital Integration & Platforms

REST APIs, GraphQL & webhooks: the modern supply chain integration stack
type: Concept
definition: 85% manual work eliminated with API-first SC integration. Contract-first design, versioning, and documentation are the governance pillars.
broader: API-First SC Integration & Middleware

EDI & B2B integration: electronic data interchange with suppliers & customers
type: Concept
definition: EDI 850+855+856+810: OTC cycle time 8.2 to 4.1 days, 30 hrs/week freed, DSO 42 to 28 days. AS2 protocol is the B2B security standard.
broader: API-First SC Integration & Middleware

Supply chain control towers: integration architecture & real-time visibility
type: Concept
definition: Level 2 Control Tower: exception detection rate 87% with >4h advance notice, response time 4.2h to 38 min.
broader: API-First SC Integration & Middleware

Supplier & customer portals: self-service integration for trading partners
type: Concept
definition: PO confirmation time 24–48h to <4h. 100% ASN manual capture eliminated. Adoption rate >80% requires proactive onboarding.
broader: API-First SC Integration & Middleware

iPaaS platforms: MuleSoft, Boomi & SAP Integration Suite for supply chain
type: Concept
definition: iPaaS reduces integration time 70% (3–4 months to 6 weeks per integration). Breakeven at 4–6 integrations for most platforms.
broader: API-First SC Integration & Middleware

TMS, WMS & Last-Mile Platforms
type: Concept
broader: Digital Integration & Platforms

TMS selection & implementation: carrier management, freight audit & booking
type: Concept
definition: Blue Yonder TMS: transportation cost $78 to $62 MXN/order (−21%) + $420K MXN/year freight audit recovery. Carrier SLA visibility is the go-live gate.
broader: TMS, WMS & Last-Mile Platforms

WMS advanced features: slotting, labor management & cross-docking
type: Concept
definition: Manhattan LMS: labor cost $2.40 to $1.85 MXN/line (−23%) = $2.6M MXN/year savings. Labor utilization target: >88%.
broader: TMS, WMS & Last-Mile Platforms

Last-mile delivery platforms: route optimization, proof of delivery & WISMO
type: Concept
definition: Onfleet: WISMO 22% to 6% (−73%), freight cost −21%, POD disputes 8% to 0.3%. Proactive delivery notifications are the highest-ROI feature.
broader: TMS, WMS & Last-Mile Platforms

Freight visibility platforms: real-time tracking across modes & carriers
type: Concept
definition: project44: maritime ETA precision ±8.2 to ±1.8 days = 6 DIO safety stock reduction × $28M MXN inventory = $3.7M MXN working capital freed.
broader: TMS, WMS & Last-Mile Platforms

3PL & outsourced logistics management: vendor selection, SLAs & governance
type: Concept
definition: 3PL OTIF is the primary selection criterion — not price. A 3PL with OTIF 88.4% vs. 94.2% for the winning bidder costs more in service failures than it saves on rate.
broader: TMS, WMS & Last-Mile Platforms

PLM & Product Data Integration
type: Concept
broader: Digital Integration & Platforms

PLM fundamentals: from engineering design to supply chain handoff
type: Concept
definition: PLM–ERP integration: engineering change propagation <4h (vs. 2–3 weeks manual). BOM accuracy target: >99.5%.
broader: PLM & Product Data Integration

New product introduction (NPI): supply chain readiness & launch execution
type: Concept
definition: NPI SC Readiness Assessment at 12 weeks before launch. Supplier qualification completion rate >95% is the launch gate criterion.
broader: PLM & Product Data Integration

Product portfolio rationalization: SKU complexity, long tail & cost-to-serve
type: Concept
definition: Retiring 25% of SKUs (1,036 SKUs): −18% total inventory ($12.4M MXN freed), MAPE 38% to 26%, −14% warehouse transactions.
broader: PLM & Product Data Integration

Sustainability data in product design: LCA, carbon footprint & eco-design
type: Concept
definition: CBAM fully in force in 2026. Steel exporter case: €225.7K/year in avoided CBAM levies by switching to a lower-carbon supplier at equivalent quality.
broader: PLM & Product Data Integration

Reverse logistics & end-of-life: returns integration & circular supply chains
type: Concept
definition: E-commerce fashion returns (28% rate): processing cost $48 to $28 MXN/unit (−42%), restock rate 52% to 68% = $2.8M MXN/year incremental margin.
broader: PLM & Product Data Integration

Customer Data Platform & Demand Signal Integration
type: Concept
broader: Digital Integration & Platforms

Demand signal integration: POS, RFID & real-time sell-through data
type: Concept
definition: VMI with POS integration: MAPE 38% to 22% (−16 pp), stockout −79%, DIO −14 days. 70% POS coverage is the minimum viability threshold.
broader: Customer Data Platform & Demand Signal Integration

VMI & CPFR: collaborative replenishment models with key customers
type: Concept
definition: VMI pilot (120 SKUs, 480 stores): on-shelf availability 88.4% to 97.8% (+9.4 pp), retailer DIO −10 days. CPFR forecast accuracy +18 pp vs. retailer-alone.
broader: Customer Data Platform & Demand Signal Integration

Customer segmentation for supply chain: service differentiation by segment
type: Concept
definition: 840 clients segmented: Segment A (5% of clients, 68% of revenue) OTIF SLA >96%; Segment C (65% of clients, 8% of revenue) standard SLA.
broader: Customer Data Platform & Demand Signal Integration

Omnichannel fulfillment: unified inventory & order routing across channels
type: Concept
definition: Ship-from-Store (180 stores): lead time 48–72h to 24h, freight cost $68 to $42 MXN/order (−38%), stockout rate −67%.
broader: Customer Data Platform & Demand Signal Integration

Customer experience metrics: NPS, CSAT & supply chain contribution to CX
type: Concept
definition: 76% of NPS variation explained by OTIF, proactive exception notifications, and invoice accuracy. Supply chain is the primary driver of customer loyalty.
broader: Customer Data Platform & Demand Signal Integration

Visibility, Digital Twin & Cybersecurity
type: Concept
preferred label: Visibilidad, Gemelo Digital y Ciberseguridad @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

Supply Chain Visibility & Digital Twin
type: Concept
broader: Visibility, Digital Twin & Cybersecurity

End-to-end supply chain visibility: from Tier-1 to Tier-N suppliers
type: Concept
definition: Tier-N mapping revealed single-source Scope 3 dependency invisible in Tier-1 analysis. Single-source dependency <20% is the risk management target.
broader: Supply Chain Visibility & Digital Twin

Digital twin of the supply chain: simulation, scenario planning & network optimization
type: Concept
definition: Digital twin network design: 8→6 warehouses saved $6.4M MXN/year at −1.4 pp OTIF and +6.8h transit time. Quantifies trade-offs before irreversible decisions.
broader: Supply Chain Visibility & Digital Twin

Real-time inventory visibility: RFID, IoT & unified inventory across all nodes
type: Concept
definition: Unified inventory visibility: virtual stockout 12.4%→2.2% (−82%) = $3.2M MXN additional e-commerce revenue. Inventory latency <5 minutes is the integration quality benchmark.
broader: Supply Chain Visibility & Digital Twin

Demand sensing & machine learning for short-term forecasting
type: Concept
definition: ML ensemble MAPE at 7 days: 28%→14% (−14 pp). Emergency orders −78%, safety stock −36% = $3.7M MXN benefit. Demand sensing complements — does not replace — demand planning.
broader: Supply Chain Visibility & Digital Twin

Supply chain analytics: KPI dashboards, root cause analysis & prescriptive insights
type: Concept
definition: Time to insight: 3–5 days (manual) → 15 minutes (real-time dashboard). Analytics adoption rate >70% is the real ROI indicator — a dashboard nobody uses generates zero value.
broader: Supply Chain Visibility & Digital Twin

Supply Chain Cybersecurity
type: Concept
broader: Visibility, Digital Twin & Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity in supply chain: threat landscape, attack vectors & frameworks
type: Concept
definition: TPRM: 78 suppliers with insufficient controls, 12 undocumented ERP connections. BEC in supplier payment processes: $120K–$500K MXN average cost per incident.
broader: Supply Chain Cybersecurity

Third-party & supplier cybersecurity risk: vendor assessment & due diligence
type: Concept
definition: TPRM identified 11 critical-access suppliers without MFA. Contractual cybersecurity clauses are the highest-impact long-term TPRM tool. 100% assessment coverage for critical-access suppliers is mandatory.
broader: Supply Chain Cybersecurity

Ransomware & operational disruption: BC/DR planning for supply chain systems
type: Concept
definition: BC/DR simulation revealed 3 critical gaps. Air-gapped backups are the most critical ransomware recovery component. RTO target for high-criticality SC systems: <8 hours.
broader: Supply Chain Cybersecurity

Data security & privacy in supply chain: GDPR, LFPDPPP & data classification
type: Concept
definition: Driver GPS data in TMS = personal data under LFPDPPP requiring explicit consent. LFPDPPP fines up to $10M MXN per infraction. GDPR fines up to 4% of global annual revenue.
broader: Supply Chain Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity incident response for supply chain: playbooks & recovery
type: Concept
definition: Ransomware recovery in 71 hours vs. 5–7 day benchmark — enabled by air-gapped backups and prepared BC/DR plan. Manual emergency operating procedures are the most overlooked BC/DR component.
broader: Supply Chain Cybersecurity

Digital Twin & Simulation
type: Concept
broader: Visibility, Digital Twin & Cybersecurity

Supply chain digital twin: simulating the entire network in real time
type: Concept
broader: Digital Twin & Simulation

Real-time inventory visibility: from batch updates to live stock intelligence
type: Concept
broader: Digital Twin & Simulation

Control tower: the nerve center of supply chain intelligence
type: Concept
broader: Digital Twin & Simulation

Demand sensing: bridging the gap between statistical forecast and real-time demand signals
type: Concept
broader: Digital Twin & Simulation

Analytics dashboards and SC intelligence: from reporting to decision support
type: Concept
broader: Digital Twin & Simulation

AI & Autonomous Operations in SC
type: Concept
broader: Visibility, Digital Twin & Cybersecurity

AI-augmented decision making: from automation to autonomous supply chain operations
type: Concept
broader: AI & Autonomous Operations in SC

Supply chain AI governance: accountability, explainability, and human oversight frameworks
type: Concept
broader: AI & Autonomous Operations in SC

AI agents in supply chain: from task automation to autonomous multi-agent orchestration
type: Concept
broader: AI & Autonomous Operations in SC

Generative AI in supply chain: practical applications beyond the hype
type: Concept
broader: AI & Autonomous Operations in SC

Predictive analytics and ML forecasting: moving beyond statistical baselines
type: Concept
broader: AI & Autonomous Operations in SC

Data Quality & SC Data Governance
type: Concept
broader: Visibility, Digital Twin & Cybersecurity

SC master data management: the foundation that determines whether the supply chain works
type: Concept
broader: Data Quality & SC Data Governance

SC data architecture and data lakehouse: enabling analytics at enterprise scale
type: Concept
broader: Data Quality & SC Data Governance

Data quality management: ensuring SC decisions are made on trustworthy data
type: Concept
broader: Data Quality & SC Data Governance

SC data privacy, compliance, and cross-border data governance
type: Concept
broader: Data Quality & SC Data Governance

Interoperability and EDI: the data exchange infrastructure of the supply chain
type: Concept
broader: Data Quality & SC Data Governance

Risk, Resilience & Geopolitics
type: Concept
preferred label: Riesgo, Resiliencia y Geopolítica @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

Enterprise & Supply Chain Risk Management
type: Concept
broader: Risk, Resilience & Geopolitics

Risk identification & supply chain risk taxonomy
type: Concept
preferred label: Identificación de riesgos y taxonomía de riesgo en la cadena @es
definition: Building the shared vocabulary of what can go wrong: structured risk identification across supply, demand, process, environment, and control risks, maintained as a living taxonomy with clear ownership.
broader: Enterprise & Supply Chain Risk Management

Risk assessment & quantification (FMEA, heat maps, VaR/CFaR)
type: Concept
preferred label: Evaluación y cuantificación de riesgos (FMEA, mapas de calor, VaR/CFaR) @es
definition: Converting identified risks into comparable magnitudes: probability-impact scoring, FMEA for process risk, and financial quantification through value-at-risk and cash-flow-at-risk methods.
broader: Enterprise & Supply Chain Risk Management

Risk monitoring & early-warning systems
type: Concept
preferred label: Monitoreo de riesgos y sistemas de alerta temprana @es
definition: Moving from periodic risk reviews to continuous sensing: leading indicators, supplier financial health signals, event monitoring services, and escalation thresholds that trigger before impact.
broader: Enterprise & Supply Chain Risk Management

Risk mitigation portfolio & treatment strategies
type: Concept
preferred label: Portafolio de mitigación y estrategias de tratamiento de riesgo @es
definition: Designing the response: avoid, reduce, transfer, or accept — assembled as a portfolio with explicit cost-benefit logic, owners, implementation status, and residual-risk acceptance at the right level.
broader: Enterprise & Supply Chain Risk Management

Third-party & supplier risk management (TPRM)
type: Concept
preferred label: Gestión de riesgo de terceros y proveedores (TPRM) @es
definition: Extending the risk discipline to the supplier base: segmentation by criticality, onboarding due diligence, continuous financial and operational monitoring, and contractual risk allocation.
broader: Enterprise & Supply Chain Risk Management

Network Resilience Engineering
type: Concept
broader: Risk, Resilience & Geopolitics

Resilience strategy: redundancy & multi-sourcing design
type: Concept
preferred label: Estrategia de resiliencia: diseño de redundancia y multi-sourcing @es
definition: Deciding where the network holds structural slack: dual/multi-sourcing, geographic diversification, capacity buffers, and strategic inventory — placed deliberately, not uniformly.
broader: Network Resilience Engineering

Stress testing & disruption scenario simulation
type: Concept
preferred label: Pruebas de estrés y simulación de escenarios de disrupción @es
definition: Testing the network against hypothetical shocks before reality does: scenario design, digital simulation of failure modes, war-gaming exercises, and translating results into design changes.
broader: Network Resilience Engineering

Time-to-Recover / Time-to-Survive (TTR/TTS) analytics
type: Concept
preferred label: Analítica Time-to-Recover / Time-to-Survive (TTR/TTS) @es
definition: The quantitative core of resilience: for each node, how long the network survives its loss (TTS) versus how long recovery takes (TTR) — exposing the gaps where TTR exceeds TTS.
broader: Network Resilience Engineering

Structural flexibility: postponement, modularity & flexible capacity
type: Concept
preferred label: Flexibilidad estructural: postergación, modularidad y capacidad flexible @es
definition: Resilience through design rather than slack: postponement of differentiation, modular product and process architecture, multi-purpose capacity, and logistics route flexibility.
broader: Network Resilience Engineering

Resilience metrics & ROR governance
type: Concept
preferred label: Métricas de resiliencia y gobernanza ROR @es
definition: Measuring resilience as a managed KPI set: TTR/TTS coverage, exposure concentration indices, recovery performance — and, for autonomous operations, the Resilience-Opacity Ratio (ROR).
broader: Network Resilience Engineering

Business Continuity & Crisis Management
type: Concept
broader: Risk, Resilience & Geopolitics

Business continuity planning (ISO 22301)
type: Concept
preferred label: Planeación de continuidad de negocio (ISO 22301) @es
definition: The formal continuity discipline: business impact analysis, recovery objectives (RTO/RPO) for critical processes, documented continuity strategies, and the ISO 22301 management system.
broader: Business Continuity & Crisis Management

Crisis response & command structures
type: Concept
preferred label: Respuesta a crisis y estructuras de comando @es
definition: How the organization decides under fire: incident classification, activation thresholds, crisis command roles, decision rights under uncertainty, and the operating rhythm of a live event.
broader: Business Continuity & Crisis Management

Disruption playbooks & response protocols
type: Concept
preferred label: Playbooks de disrupción y protocolos de respuesta @es
definition: Pre-built responses for the predictable failure modes: supplier failure, port closure, plant outage, logistics strike — with triggers, first-72-hours actions, decision trees, and owners.
broader: Business Continuity & Crisis Management

Crisis communication & stakeholder management
type: Concept
preferred label: Comunicación de crisis y gestión de stakeholders @es
definition: Managing the information dimension of disruption: internal cascades, customer allocation communication, supplier coordination, regulator notification, and a single source of truth.
broader: Business Continuity & Crisis Management

Post-event learning & recovery audits
type: Concept
preferred label: Aprendizaje post-evento y auditorías de recuperación @es
definition: Converting every disruption into structural improvement: structured after-action reviews, root-cause analysis beyond the proximate cause, recovery performance audit against plan, and tracked corrective actions.
broader: Business Continuity & Crisis Management

Geopolitics & Trade Risk
type: Concept
broader: Risk, Resilience & Geopolitics

Geopolitical exposure mapping
type: Concept
preferred label: Mapeo de exposición geopolítica @es
definition: Mapping where the network is exposed to political discontinuity: country concentration of supply, single-region dependencies, chokepoint transit exposure, and political risk scoring of the footprint.
broader: Geopolitics & Trade Risk

Sanctions, export controls & trade-restriction risk
type: Concept
preferred label: Sanciones, controles de exportación y riesgo de restricciones comerciales @es
definition: The risk lens on trade restrictions: counterparty screening exposure, dual-use and export-control classification risk, sanctions regime monitoring, and restricted-entity contagion in the supply base.
broader: Geopolitics & Trade Risk

Footprint strategy: nearshoring, friendshoring & regionalization
type: Concept
preferred label: Estrategia de footprint: nearshoring, friendshoring y regionalización @es
definition: Evaluating structural footprint moves through the risk lens: nearshoring and friendshoring business cases, regionalization of supply networks, and the México opportunity in North American re-architecture.
broader: Geopolitics & Trade Risk

Tariff & trade-war scenario planning
type: Concept
preferred label: Planeación de escenarios arancelarios y de guerra comercial @es
definition: Stress-testing the network against trade-policy discontinuities: tariff scenarios, retaliation dynamics, trade-agreement disruption, and pre-computed response options by scenario.
broader: Geopolitics & Trade Risk

Country risk intelligence & monitoring
type: Concept
preferred label: Inteligencia y monitoreo de riesgo país @es
definition: The standing intelligence function: structured country risk assessment for sourcing and market decisions, continuous monitoring of political and security developments, and integration into network decisions.
broader: Geopolitics & Trade Risk

Emerging & Systemic Risk
type: Concept
broader: Risk, Resilience & Geopolitics

Climate & catastrophe risk
type: Concept
preferred label: Riesgo climático y de catástrofes @es
definition: Physical climate risk on the network: acute event exposure (hurricanes, floods, drought, heat), chronic shifts affecting sites and logistics, climate stress testing, and adaptation investment.
broader: Emerging & Systemic Risk

Supply chain cyber risk
type: Concept
preferred label: Riesgo cibernético en la cadena de suministro @es
definition: Cyber as a supply chain risk class: operational technology exposure, supplier cyber posture, software supply chain integrity, and the network impact of cyber events — tooling lives in D16, the risk view here.
broader: Emerging & Systemic Risk

Algorithmic & AI systemic risk
type: Concept
preferred label: Riesgo sistémico algorítmico y de IA @es
definition: The risk class created by autonomous operations: emergent behavior in multi-agent systems, opacity accumulation, automation-propagated errors at machine speed, and ROR-based oversight.
broader: Emerging & Systemic Risk

Pandemic & systemic shock preparedness
type: Concept
preferred label: Preparación para pandemias y choques sistémicos @es
definition: The shocks that hit everything at once: pandemic-class events, systemic logistics collapse, critical-input crises — where diversification fails and preparedness shifts to absorption capacity.
broader: Emerging & Systemic Risk

Insurance & risk transfer
type: Concept
preferred label: Seguros y transferencia de riesgo @es
definition: Financing the residual: property and business-interruption coverage, contingent business interruption for supplier events, parametric instruments, captives, and contractual transfer.
broader: Emerging & Systemic Risk

Sustainability & Circular Economy
type: Concept
preferred label: Sustentabilidad y Economía Circular @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

Sustainability Strategy & Reporting
type: Concept
broader: Sustainability & Circular Economy

Scope 1, 2 & 3 emissions: GHG Protocol methodology & supply chain carbon accounting
type: Concept
definition: Scope 3 = 70–90% of total footprint. SBTi: 42% absolute reduction by 2030. EU CBAM: €55/tonne CO2e (2026). Category 1 (purchased goods) and Category 4 (upstream transport) are the largest Scope 3 sources.
broader: Sustainability Strategy & Reporting

ESG reporting frameworks: GRI, SASB, TCFD & Mexico BIVA reporting
type: Concept
definition: EU CSRD double materiality (financial + impact) applies to non-EU supply chain partners. GRI 3 materiality assessment is the starting point. Mexico BIVA Mercado Sostenible: 80+ companies with ESG reporting requirements.
broader: Sustainability Strategy & Reporting

Sustainable procurement: supplier ESG assessment & green purchasing criteria
type: Concept
definition: EcoVadis: Platinum >85/100. 72% of Fortune 500 include ESG in supplier selection (2025). Scope 3 Cat. 1 reduction requires supplier-level PCF data — the hardest data to collect in any sustainability program.
broader: Sustainability Strategy & Reporting

Green logistics: carbon footprint of transportation & decarbonization strategies
type: Concept
definition: Modal shift: truck 62g vs. rail 22g vs. sea 8g CO2e/tonne-km. Load factor +20% = −20% emissions. EV last-mile breakeven at 80,000 km/year in Mexico (2025). Route optimization: −8–15% fuel AND −8–15% emissions.
broader: Sustainability Strategy & Reporting

Carbon pricing & offset mechanisms: voluntary carbon markets & compliance schemes
type: Concept
definition: VCM offsets: $8–$80 USD/tonne CO2e (quality-dependent). Mexico SCE compliance scheme. EU CBAM €55/tonne (2026). Internal carbon pricing in supply chain cost models before it becomes mandatory.
broader: Sustainability Strategy & Reporting

Circular Economy & Waste Reduction
type: Concept
broader: Sustainability & Circular Economy

Circular economy principles: design for circularity, reuse & material recovery
type: Concept
definition: MCI target >0.7 for mature CE programs. Design for disassembly at NPI reduces end-of-life cost 40–60%. Remanufacturing generates 80% less CO2e per unit vs. new manufacturing.
broader: Circular Economy & Waste Reduction

Packaging sustainability: right-sizing, recyclable materials & EPR compliance
type: Concept
definition: EU Packaging Regulation (2025): 100% recyclable by 2030. Mexico LGPGIR + NOM-161 EPR. Right-sizing reduces weight 15–25% and directly reduces Scope 3 transport emissions.
broader: Circular Economy & Waste Reduction

Industrial symbiosis & waste-to-resource: closing material loops in supply chains
type: Concept
definition: Kalundborg Symbiosis: 635,000 tonnes CO2e/year saved from 7 companies. Zero Waste to Landfill: >90% waste diversion target. Mexico CESPEDES coordinates industrial ecology programs.
broader: Circular Economy & Waste Reduction

Water stewardship in supply chain: water risk assessment & efficiency programs
type: Concept
definition: 40% of global manufacturing in high water-stress areas (WRI). CDMX, MTY, GDL are high water-stress zones. CDP Water A-list: 28% water withdrawal reduction vs. non-reporters.
broader: Circular Economy & Waste Reduction

Supply chain sustainability KPIs: measurement, targets & external verification
type: Concept
definition: Absolute > intensity > activity KPI hierarchy. SBTi validation: 6–18 months. Limited vs. reasonable assurance. GRI 3 materiality assessment required before selecting public KPIs.
broader: Circular Economy & Waste Reduction

Scope 3 Emissions & SC Decarbonization
type: Concept
broader: Sustainability & Circular Economy

Scope 3 measurement: calculating supply chain emissions from purchased goods and services
type: Concept
broader: Scope 3 Emissions & SC Decarbonization

Science-Based Targets (SBTi) for supply chain: setting and achieving decarbonization commitments
type: Concept
broader: Scope 3 Emissions & SC Decarbonization

CBAM — Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: the SC cost of carbon at the EU border
type: Concept
broader: Scope 3 Emissions & SC Decarbonization

Logistics decarbonization: green freight, alternative fuels, and modal shift
type: Concept
broader: Scope 3 Emissions & SC Decarbonization

Carbon cost in SC decision-making: integrating carbon price into sourcing and network decisions
type: Concept
broader: Scope 3 Emissions & SC Decarbonization

Sustainable Sourcing & Supplier ESG
type: Concept
broader: Sustainability & Circular Economy

Supplier ESG assessment and scoring: beyond audit to continuous monitoring
type: Concept
broader: Sustainable Sourcing & Supplier ESG

Responsible sourcing standards: SA8000, SMETA, RBA, and industry-specific frameworks
type: Concept
broader: Sustainable Sourcing & Supplier ESG

Deforestation-free supply chains: EUDR compliance and traceability requirements
type: Concept
broader: Sustainable Sourcing & Supplier ESG

Conflict minerals and responsible mineral sourcing: OECD Due Diligence Guidance
type: Concept
broader: Sustainable Sourcing & Supplier ESG

Supplier capacity building for sustainability: from compliance to co-creation
type: Concept
broader: Sustainable Sourcing & Supplier ESG

ESG Reporting & Regulatory Compliance
type: Concept
broader: Sustainability & Circular Economy

CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive): SC disclosure requirements
type: Concept
broader: ESG Reporting & Regulatory Compliance

GRI and ISSB standards for supply chain sustainability reporting
type: Concept
broader: ESG Reporting & Regulatory Compliance

Carbon credits and offset markets: quality, additionality, and SC use cases
type: Concept
broader: ESG Reporting & Regulatory Compliance

Biodiversity and water risk in supply chain: TNFD and nature-related disclosure
type: Concept
broader: ESG Reporting & Regulatory Compliance

SC sustainability data management: collection, verification, and reporting infrastructure
type: Concept
broader: ESG Reporting & Regulatory Compliance

SC Governance, Compliance & Ethics
type: Concept
preferred label: Gobernanza SC, Cumplimiento y Ética @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

Supply Chain Governance
type: Concept
broader: SC Governance, Compliance & Ethics

Supply chain governance frameworks: policies, controls & accountability structures
type: Concept
definition: COSO ERM + segregation of duties in procurement. SOX Section 404 applies to Mexican subsidiaries of US-listed companies. ISO 20400 Sustainable Procurement standard.
broader: Supply Chain Governance

Procurement compliance: PO authorization, vendor onboarding & spend controls
type: Concept
definition: 3-way match eliminates 95% of payment errors. RFC/SAT vendor validation + bank account verification prevents BEC fraud. Spend authority matrix is the foundational procurement governance tool.
broader: Supply Chain Governance

Anti-corruption & anti-bribery in supply chain: FCPA, UK Bribery Act & Mexico law
type: Concept
definition: FCPA applies to global SC partners of US-listed companies. UK Bribery Act: strict liability for failure to prevent bribery by third parties. Facilitation payments (“mordidas”) are illegal under all three frameworks.
broader: Supply Chain Governance

Trade sanctions & export controls: OFAC, BIS & Denied Party Screening
type: Concept
definition: OFAC SDN violation: up to $1M USD per transaction + criminal prosecution. Automated DPS against 200+ sanction lists is mandatory for any company doing international trade.
broader: Supply Chain Governance

Supply chain audit programs: supplier audits, corrective action & continuous monitoring
type: Concept
definition: Tier 1 critical: annual full audit. CAR: 30 days for critical findings. Remote audits 60–70% as effective as on-site. SMETA social audit mandatory for suppliers to European retailers.
broader: Supply Chain Governance

Ethics, Human Rights & Labor Standards
type: Concept
broader: SC Governance, Compliance & Ethics

Responsible sourcing: conflict minerals, human rights due diligence & OECD guidelines
type: Concept
definition: Germany LkSG (2023): mandatory human rights due diligence for >3,000 global employees. SEC Rule 13p-1: annual conflict minerals disclosure for US-listed companies.
broader: Ethics, Human Rights & Labor Standards

Labor standards in supply chain: ILO conventions, child labor & forced labor prevention
type: Concept
definition: US UFPLA (2022): rebuttable presumption that goods from Xinjiang involve forced labor. Mexico Protocolo de Actuación sobre Trabajo Forzoso (2024). CBP WROs can detain shipments.
broader: Ethics, Human Rights & Labor Standards

Supplier code of conduct: implementation, monitoring & grievance mechanisms
type: Concept
definition: SCoC signed by 100% of Tier 1 suppliers as contract condition. Anonymous ethics hotline for supplier workers required by UNGP.
broader: Ethics, Human Rights & Labor Standards

Gender equality & diversity in supply chains: WEPs, supplier diversity & inclusion
type: Concept
definition: Diverse suppliers: 2–10% cost advantage in leading global company procurement evaluations. WeConnect International certifies women-owned businesses for supplier diversity in Mexico.
broader: Ethics, Human Rights & Labor Standards

Supply chain transparency & traceability: blockchain, QR codes & origin certification
type: Concept
definition: Blockchain traceability: audit cost reduction 70–80% vs. paper. Mexico COFEPRIS pharmaceutical traceability mandatory since 2023. QR codes link product to full supply chain journey.
broader: Ethics, Human Rights & Labor Standards

Trade Compliance & Customs Management
type: Concept
broader: SC Governance, Compliance & Ethics

Import/export compliance: HTS classification, customs valuation, and duty management
type: Concept
broader: Trade Compliance & Customs Management

Sanctions screening and restricted party management in SC
type: Concept
broader: Trade Compliance & Customs Management

Export controls: EAR, ITAR, and dual-use regulations for SC operations
type: Concept
broader: Trade Compliance & Customs Management

Free trade agreement utilization: Rules of Origin and certificate of origin management
type: Concept
broader: Trade Compliance & Customs Management

Trade facilitation programs: C-TPAT, AEO, and trusted trader status
type: Concept
broader: Trade Compliance & Customs Management

Anti-Corruption, Sanctions & Financial Crime
type: Concept
broader: SC Governance, Compliance & Ethics

FCPA and anti-bribery compliance in SC: third-party risk management
type: Concept
broader: Anti-Corruption, Sanctions & Financial Crime

OFAC and financial sanctions compliance in procurement and logistics
type: Concept
broader: Anti-Corruption, Sanctions & Financial Crime

Supply chain fraud prevention: procurement fraud, invoice fraud, and collusion
type: Concept
broader: Anti-Corruption, Sanctions & Financial Crime

Beneficial ownership and supply chain transparency in the anti-corruption context
type: Concept
broader: Anti-Corruption, Sanctions & Financial Crime

Whistleblower programs and ethics reporting in SC operations
type: Concept
broader: Anti-Corruption, Sanctions & Financial Crime

Digital Governance & AI Ethics in SC
type: Concept
broader: SC Governance, Compliance & Ethics

AI governance in SC: accountability, explainability, and human oversight
type: Concept
broader: Digital Governance & AI Ethics in SC

Data privacy compliance in SC: GDPR, LFPDPPP, and cross-border data transfers
type: Concept
broader: Digital Governance & AI Ethics in SC

Blockchain for SC traceability: from pilot to production-grade implementation
type: Concept
broader: Digital Governance & AI Ethics in SC

SC cybersecurity governance: protecting the digital supply chain from attacks
type: Concept
broader: Digital Governance & AI Ethics in SC

Smart contracts and digital procurement: legal validity and operational implementation
type: Concept
broader: Digital Governance & AI Ethics in SC

Talent, Organization & Future of Work
type: Concept
preferred label: Talento, Organización y Futuro del Trabajo @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

SC Talent & Organization
type: Concept
broader: Talent, Organization & Future of Work

Supply chain talent strategy: roles, skills & career paths in the digital era
type: Concept
definition: 400K+ SC vacancies in North America (2025). Critical skills: Python/SQL analytics, S&OP design, SAP/WMS/TMS fluency, ESG reporting. APICS CPIM/CSCP and Deloitte XP are the reference certifications.
broader: SC Talent & Organization

Digital upskilling for supply chain teams: analytics, AI literacy & platform fluency
type: Concept
definition: Top 5 digital SC upskilling priorities: Power BI, Python, SAP S/4HANA, AI agent interaction, ESG reporting. Digital SC professionals: 18–24% higher productivity vs. non-digital peers.
broader: SC Talent & Organization

Supply chain organization design: centralized vs. decentralized & COE models
type: Concept
definition: COE + embedded is the dominant design for large Mexican companies. 38% of Fortune 500 have a CSCO-equivalent. COE drives standardization; embedded teams drive market responsiveness.
broader: SC Talent & Organization

Change management for SC transformations: adoption frameworks & stakeholder management
type: Concept
definition: Prosci ADKAR: without change management only 30% of SC transformation benefits realized. Executive sponsorship is the #1 transformation success predictor. Champions network 1:8–10 accelerates adoption 2–3×.
broader: SC Talent & Organization

SC leadership & influence: cross-functional collaboration & C-suite communication
type: Concept
definition: SC leaders: 40–60% of time in cross-functional work. Translate metrics: OTIF +7 pp → $3.2M MXN customer credits reduced + 2 accounts protected from defection.
broader: SC Talent & Organization

Future of Work in SC
type: Concept
broader: Talent, Organization & Future of Work

AI & automation impact on SC workforce: job transformation, augmentation & new roles
type: Concept
definition: WEF 2030: 26% of SC tasks automated, 97% of SC roles augmented not replaced. New roles: SC AI Agent Orchestrator, Digital Twin Analyst, Sustainability Data Engineer. 85% of SC professionals need digital upskilling by 2027.
broader: Future of Work in SC

Gig economy & flexible workforce in logistics: platforms, crowdsourcing & on-demand staffing
type: Concept
definition: Rappi/iVoy crowdsourced last-mile: 30–50% lower cost for low-density routes. Mexico IMSS gig worker reclassification enforcement since 2022. On-demand warehouse staffing enables 40–60% flex workforce for peak season.
broader: Future of Work in SC

Remote & hybrid work in SC: control tower operations, virtual collaboration & performance management
type: Concept
definition: S&OP planners: 90% remote-capable. Warehouse ops: 40% remote-capable. Control Tower: fully remote-capable with cloud-native platforms. Teams + Power BI embedded is the SC war room standard.
broader: Future of Work in SC

SC talent retention: compensation benchmarks, career development & employer branding
type: Concept
definition: SC Manager Mexico 2025: $65K–$95K MXN/month all-in. Voluntary turnover 18–22%/year at Manager level. Top retention: advanced technology exposure + international visibility + competitive compensation.
broader: Future of Work in SC

SC academia & certifications: APICS, CSCMP, university programs & continuous learning
type: Concept
definition: APICS CPIM/CSCP + CSCMP SCPro are the global reference certifications. Mexico: ITESM, Anáhuac, UNAM top SC programs. LinkedIn Top Voice in SC: 10K+ followers + 8+ articles/year benchmark.
broader: Future of Work in SC

SC Leadership & Strategic Communication
type: Concept
broader: Talent, Organization & Future of Work

SC leader as business partner: translating operational performance into financial language
type: Concept
broader: SC Leadership & Strategic Communication

Executive communication for SC: presenting risk, investment, and value to the C-suite
type: Concept
broader: SC Leadership & Strategic Communication

Influence without authority: driving SC decisions across organizational boundaries
type: Concept
broader: SC Leadership & Strategic Communication

SC change management: leading organizational transformation in supply chain
type: Concept
broader: SC Leadership & Strategic Communication

Building a Mr. Supply Chain® mindset: algorithmic sovereignty and SC as leverage
type: Concept
broader: SC Leadership & Strategic Communication

SC Learning, Development & Capability Building
type: Concept
broader: Talent, Organization & Future of Work

SC competency frameworks: defining the skills required at each career level
type: Concept
broader: SC Learning, Development & Capability Building

AI and data literacy for SC professionals: the non-negotiable upskilling agenda
type: Concept
broader: SC Learning, Development & Capability Building

Succession planning and SC talent pipeline development
type: Concept
broader: SC Learning, Development & Capability Building

SC professional certification landscape: ASCM, ISM, Gartner, and academic programs
type: Concept
broader: SC Learning, Development & Capability Building

Knowledge management in SC organizations: capturing institutional expertise
type: Concept
broader: SC Learning, Development & Capability Building

SC Organization Design & Operating Model
type: Concept
broader: Talent, Organization & Future of Work

SC organizational models: centralized, decentralized, and federated structures
type: Concept
broader: SC Organization Design & Operating Model

S&OP operating model design: decision rights, meeting architecture, and governance
type: Concept
broader: SC Organization Design & Operating Model

Outsourcing SC functions: the strategic and operational decision framework
type: Concept
broader: SC Organization Design & Operating Model

SC center of excellence: design, mandate, and governance
type: Concept
broader: SC Organization Design & Operating Model

Performance management in SC: KPI cascades, incentives, and accountability structures
type: Concept
broader: SC Organization Design & Operating Model

SC Finance & Value Performance
type: Concept
preferred label: Finanzas SC y Desempeño de Valor @es
top concept of: Supply Chain Reference Architecture (SCRA)

SC Finance & Value Management
type: Concept
broader: SC Finance & Value Performance

Supply chain cost structure: total cost of ownership (TCO) & cost-to-serve
type: Concept
definition: TCO = purchase price + ordering + carrying + stockout + quality + end-of-life. 20–30% of customers are unprofitable when full SC cost is allocated. Activity-Based Costing is the reference methodology.
broader: SC Finance & Value Management

Working capital optimization: DIO, DSO, DPO & cash conversion cycle
type: Concept
definition: CCC = DIO + DSO − DPO. 1 day DIO reduction for $100M MXN revenue ≈ $270K MXN cash released. SC levers: DIO via demand sensing; DPO via payment terms; DSO via OTC cycle reduction.
broader: SC Finance & Value Management

Supply chain investment justification: NPV, IRR & business case frameworks
type: Concept
definition: SC tech investment threshold: payback <3 years, IRR >25%. Business case: current pain → future benefits → investment → NPV/IRR/payback at 3 scenarios.
broader: SC Finance & Value Management

Supply chain KPIs linked to financial performance: EBIT, ROCE & EVA impact
type: Concept
definition: OTIF +1 pp → 0.5–1.5% customer credit reduction. DIO −1 day → $revenue/365 × %COGS cash release. SC cost % revenue: FMCG 8–12%, industrial 10–18%, pharma 5–9%.
broader: SC Finance & Value Management

SC financial risk management: hedging strategies, insurance & financial resilience
type: Concept
definition: SCF/reverse factoring enables suppliers to receive early payment at buyer cost of capital. FX hedging 40–60% coverage reduces budget variance 50–70%.
broader: SC Finance & Value Management

SC Value Performance & Benchmarking
type: Concept
broader: SC Finance & Value Performance

Supply chain maturity models: SCOR, Gartner SCM Top 25 & capability frameworks
type: Concept
definition: SCOR: Plan–Source–Make–Deliver–Return–Enable. Gartner Top 25: Amazon #1. Distinguishing metrics: perfect order >98%, inventory turns >8×, total SC cost <5% of revenue.
broader: SC Value Performance & Benchmarking

SC benchmarking: industry KPI benchmarks & competitive positioning
type: Concept
definition: OTIF benchmarks: FMCG >95%, industrial >90%, pharma >97%. Inventory turns: FMCG 8–12×, automotive 15–20×. SC cost %: FMCG 8–12%, industrial 10–18%. Sources: Deloitte Global SC Survey, Gartner Top 25.
broader: SC Value Performance & Benchmarking

Perfect order & OTIF: measurement, root cause & improvement roadmap
type: Concept
definition: Perfect Order = On-Time × In-Full × Damage-Free × Invoice-Accurate. 97% OTIF × 98% damage-free × 96% invoice-accurate = 91% perfect order. Walmart/OXXO OTIF penalties: 1–3% of invoice.
broader: SC Value Performance & Benchmarking

Inventory performance: turns, fill rate, service level & safety stock optimization
type: Concept
definition: 99% SL requires 41% more safety stock than 95% SL. Carrying cost: 20–30%/year. MAPE −10 pp → safety stock −15–25%. SKU rationalization −25% → inventory −15–20%.
broader: SC Value Performance & Benchmarking

SC value creation: from operational excellence to strategic competitive advantage
type: Concept
definition: SC value hierarchy: operational excellence → customer experience → revenue enablement → strategic agility. CSCO earns C-suite seat by demonstrating revenue protection AND capital release — not just cost reduction.
broader: SC Value Performance & Benchmarking

Working Capital & Cash Conversion Cycle
type: Concept
broader: SC Finance & Value Performance

Cash Conversion Cycle optimization: the SC driver of working capital performance
type: Concept
broader: Working Capital & Cash Conversion Cycle

Days Inventory Outstanding (DIO) reduction: inventory as working capital lever
type: Concept
broader: Working Capital & Cash Conversion Cycle

Days Payable Outstanding (DPO) extension: supply chain finance and reverse factoring
type: Concept
broader: Working Capital & Cash Conversion Cycle

Days Sales Outstanding (DSO): order-to-cash process as SC working capital driver
type: Concept
broader: Working Capital & Cash Conversion Cycle

Dynamic discounting and supply chain finance programs
type: Concept
broader: Working Capital & Cash Conversion Cycle

Total Cost of Ownership & Should-Cost Modeling
type: Concept
broader: SC Finance & Value Performance

Total Cost of Ownership analysis: beyond purchase price to full lifecycle cost
type: Concept
broader: Total Cost of Ownership & Should-Cost Modeling

Should-cost modeling: building the analytical foundation for supplier negotiations
type: Concept
broader: Total Cost of Ownership & Should-Cost Modeling

Make-or-buy analysis: the financial and strategic framework for SC boundary decisions
type: Concept
broader: Total Cost of Ownership & Should-Cost Modeling

Cost-to-serve analysis: understanding the true profitability of customers and channels
type: Concept
broader: Total Cost of Ownership & Should-Cost Modeling

COGS decomposition: mapping SC cost drivers for improvement prioritization
type: Concept
broader: Total Cost of Ownership & Should-Cost Modeling

SC Investment Prioritization & Business Case
type: Concept
broader: SC Finance & Value Performance

SC business case construction: NPV, IRR, and payback for SC investments
type: Concept
broader: SC Investment Prioritization & Business Case

SC value quantification: translating operational KPIs into EBIT and FCF impact
type: Concept
broader: SC Investment Prioritization & Business Case

Zero-based SC cost budgeting: building the cost base from first principles
type: Concept
broader: SC Investment Prioritization & Business Case

SC performance benchmarking: Gartner Top 25, SCOR, and peer comparison
type: Concept
broader: SC Investment Prioritization & Business Case

SC balanced scorecard: integrating operational, financial, and strategic metrics
type: Concept
broader: SC Investment Prioritization & Business Case